ATP3 (suspected R1b) and ATP20 did not have the same auDNA as other ATP samples:
https://genetiker.wordpress.com/2015/09/08/analyses-of-copper-and-bronze-age-spanish-genomes/
http://www.eupedia.com/forum/thread...er-at-al-2015)?p=466264&viewfull=1#post466264
Copper Age Iberia samples show clear evidence of two distinct origins of that population.
As for those R1b-Z2103 men who brought metallurgy to the Steppe (together with CHG ancestry):
Let's underline that while the PIE did
not invent metallurgy (and were
not responsible for its initial diffusion), they most likely
did acquire the knowledge of metallurgy from some Non-IE group before they started to diverge into branches (i.e. before the end of the PIE linguistic unity). That's probably why the majority of IE ethnic groups have the legend about
"the Smith and the Devil" in one variant or another:
http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/1/150645
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35358487
(...) And a folk tale called The Smith And The Devil, about a blacksmith selling his soul in a pact with the Devil in order to gain supernatural abilities, was estimated to go back 6,000 years ago (...)
L23 goes back 6,200 years ago (TMRCA according to YFull), linking it with the origins of metallurgy and of this folk tale.
This folk tale was later adopted by the PIE community, at the same time when it adopted metallurgy from R1b-L23.
Quote:
(...) In some cases, it may also be possible to evaluate inferences about ancestral tale corpora in relation to other sources of information about past societies, such as historical, archaeological, linguistic and genetic data. Our findings regarding the origins of ATU 330 ‘The Smith and the Devil’ are a case in point. The basic plot of this tale—which is stable throughout the Indo-European speaking world, from India to Scandinavia—concerns a blacksmith who strikes a deal with a malevolent supernatural being (e.g. the Devil, Death, a jinn, etc.). The smith exchanges his soul for the power to weld any materials together, which he then uses to stick the villain to an immovable object (e.g. a tree) to renege on his side of the bargain. The likely presence of this tale in the last common ancestor of Indo-European-speaking cultures resonates strongly with wider debates in Indo-European prehistory, since it implies the existence of metallurgy in Proto-Indo-European society. (...)
Unfortunately the authors don't say whether this tale about "the Smith & the Devil" exists also in Non-IE folklore traditions.
My theory is that R1b (mainly M269/L23) were spreading copper metallurgy from the Middle East or/and from the Balkans.
They likely brought CHG ancestry (aka "Teal" or "Armenian-like") to the Steppe, but were no longer hunter-gatherers by that time. It is not a coincidence that this ancestry appeared in the Volga Steppes in substantial amount for the first time in Khvalynsk folks, who had the knowledge of agriculture (e.g. domesticated cattle and sheep-goat)?:
Excerpts from page 35 out of 46:
http://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/10/10/016477.full.pdf
"The cemetery of Khvalynsk II, Saratov oblast, Russia, on the west bank of the Volga River,
6 km north of the village of Alekseevka. Khvalynsk I and II are two parts of the same cemetery,
excavated in 1977-79 (Khvalynsk I) and 1987-88 (Khvalynsk II).23 The two excavations
revealed 197 graves, about 10x larger than other cemeteries of this period in the Volga-Ural
steppes, dated by radiocarbon to 5200-4000 BCE (95.4% confidence).
Bones of domesticated
cattle and sheep-goat, and horses of uncertain status, were included in 28 human graves and
in 10 sacrificial deposits."
The richest of the three graves from Khvalynsk also happened to be R1b, even though not yet L23:
"
The 367 copper artifacts in the graves, mostly beads and rings, are
the oldest copper objects in the Volga-Ural steppes, and trace elements and manufacturing
methods in a few objects suggest trade with southeastern Europe. Together with high 15N in
the human bones from Khvalynsk, which might have caused a reservoir effect making 14C
dates too old, the circulation of so much copper, which increased in SE Europe after 4700
BCE, suggests that a date after 4700 BCE would be reasonable for many graves at
Khvalynsk. Copper was found in 13 adult male graves, 8 adult female graves, and 4 sub-adult
graves. The unusually large cemetery at Khvalynsk contained southern Europeoid and
northern Europeoid cranio-facial types, consistent with the possibility that people from the
northern and southern steppes mingled and were buried here."
80% of all copper objects were buried together with the R1b man (surely a
"coincidence" - he wasn't a smith or a copper trader?):
"Y- 10122 / SVP35 (grave 12)
Male (confirmed genetically), age 20-30, positioned on his back with raised knees,
with 293
copper artifacts, mostly beads, amounting to 80% of the copper objects in the combined
cemeteries of Khvalynsk I and II. Probably a high-status individual, his Y-chromosome
haplotype, R1b1, also characterized the high-status individuals buried under kurgans in later
Yamnaya graves in this region, so he could be regarded as a founder of an elite group of
patrilineally related families. His MtDNA haplotype H2a1 is unique in the Samara series."
And the other guy was one "commoners" (or "R1a outliers" who were in fact the majority - according to my theory):
"Y- 10433 / SVP46 (grave 1)
Male (confirmed genetically), age 30-35, positioned on his back with raised knees, with a
copper ring and a copper bead.
His R1a1 haplotype shows that this haplotype was present in
the region, although it is not represented later in high-status Yamnaya graves. His U5a1i
MtDNA haplotype is part of a U5a1 group well documented in the Samara series."
After Khvalynsk we see the influx of even more CHG ancestry into the Steppe, and the influx of more R1b.
Do you think that the gradual increase of CHG ancestry had
nothing to do with immigration of R1b ???
Do you think that people who brought that ancestry did not bring agriculture and copper with them ???
Also - my idea is that R1b was never the majority, but always the minority, of the Yamna male population.
But they were smiths - and as such they were considered to be men with magical abilities, therefore they were initially overrepresented in kurgan burials.
Later that changed, and R1a men assumed the elite status previously attributed to R1b-Z2103. So I don't think that there was ever such a thing as "replacement of R1b by R1a in the Steppe after Yamna". Yamna was probably R1b-Z2103 minority (but "smiths-shamans") + R1a majority (but "commoners"). And what we see later on, is the loss of high status by R1b-Z2103 and R1a men becoming "chieftains". However, Z2103 continued to exist as a minority lineage and went to India (there is in fact a small minority of R1b-Z2103 in India).
There is even such a legend in the Aryan Veddas about the Asvins killing Dadhyak Atharvan because he didn't want to reveal to them the secrets of metallurgy. Then they cut of his head, replaced it with a horse's head - which started talking and revealed the knowledge to them. Believe it or not but such a burial of a decapitated man with attached horse's head has been found near Poltavka, and archaeologically (as well as chronologically) it corresponds to the replacement of R1b-dominated Poltavka culture by the R1a-dominated Potapovka culture.
That decapitated man has not yet been tested for Y-DNA, it would be nice to see if he was one of Poltavka "mainstream" or one of Poltavka "outliers" (but of course according to my theory "outliers" were actually the majority of Poltavka population, but "mainstream" - being smiths with "magical knowledge" - were overrepresented in kurgan graves; same in Yamnaya).
L23 has the highest variance in the Middle East and/or in the Balkans.
So my idea that L23 mutation emerged in the Middle East is not improbable.
The maximum variance in the Balkans is truly meaningful with respect to their migration history and last archaeological discoveries.
Apparently Varna on the Black Sea coast was a quite important early metallurgy center. This could coincide with the R1b-L51 expansion.
=================
As for Western European R1b being derived directly from Yamna (rather than from "original" Bell Beaker):
In Bell Beaker we have only L11+, or even just P312+. In CWC we have a whole diverse bunch of R1a subclades.
We have M198*, L664, M417*, M417+, Z283+ (including Z284). Likely also some R1b M269(xL51) was in CWC too.
This shows that CWC was a "wholesale" migration wave from the Steppe, with all lineages from very basal to more diverged moving at once. And all those guys had 75%+ Yamnaya/Steppe autosomal DNA (or Yamnaya-cousin autosomal DNA if you prefer).
German Beaker was not such a thing, as it had a shortage of Y-DNA diversity (only L11+) and less of Steppe admixture.
You need to explain why there was no L23(xL51) in Bell Beaker, and why there is none in modern Western Europe.
Populations descended from CWC (such as Slavs) actually have ca. 5% of R1b-L23(xL51). See: Myres 2010.
Which confirms that Corded Ware had some L23(xL51) from Yamna
or Yamna-cousin population.
By contrast, there is absolute lack of Yamna-related L23(xL51) in BB and modern West Europe.
Eastern Europeans have
10x more of Yamna-related R1b (ca. 5.0%) than Germans (ca. 0.5%).
===========================
Bell Beaker was probably Indo-Europeanized by Corded Ware in Germany and acquired Steppe admixture there.
According to Carleton S. Coon, there was intense mixing between German Bell Beaker and German Corded Ware:
Carleton S. Coon wrote:
"(...) In their Rhineland center, the more numerous Bell Beaker people had
constant relationships with the inhabitants of Denmark, who were still
burying in corridor tombs.
Furthermore, the Corded people, one branch
of whom invaded Jutland and introduced the single-grave type of burial,
also migrated to the Rhine Valley, and here amalgamated themselves
with the Bell Beaker people, who were already in process of mixing with
their Borreby type neighbors.
The result of this triple fusion was a great
expansion, and a population overflow down the Rhine, in the direction
of Britain.
(8) THE BRONZE AGE IN BRITAIN
The consideration of the Bell Beaker problem leads naturally to that of
the Bronze Age in the British Isles, where the Beaker people found their
most important and most lasting home. Coming down the Rhine and out
into the North Sea, they invaded the whole eastern coast of England and
of Scotland, and also the shore of the Channel.
The Beaker invasion of Britain was not a simple affair. Not only did the
newcomers land in many places, but they brought with them somewhat
different traditions. Although most of them brought zoned beakers and
battle axes, in consequence of their blending with the Corded people in
the Rhinelands (...)"
====================
Indeed there is a lot of overlap in mitochondrial haplogroups between Corded Ware and German Beakers:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet...RP9Mjso93Kx5PP0g83goqGtxoY/edit#gid=852847213
Bride exchanges ??? Or some other type(s) of hybridization.