Akk. appāru ‘wild boar’ | Ger. Eber, OE eofor < *ebura-, Lat. aper, Pol. wieprz ‘boar’, Greek kápros |
Arab. ˀaḥadun, ˀwāḥidun ‘one’, ḥidatun ‘be the only one’ (the root ḥid- ~ ḥad-) |
- Pol. jeden ‘one’ < IE *ed-oinos;
- Pol. dziewięć, Gr. ennéa < IE *ed-newm̥ ‘nine’
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Arab. ˀakara ‘to plough’, Hbr. ˀikkār ‘farmer with no own land’, Akk. ikkaru, inkaru ‘(little) farmer, ploughman’ (? < Sum. engar) | Engl. acre (formerly ‘field’), Ger. Acker ‘field’ (formerly ‘meadow’), Lat. ager ‘field, ploughland’, Gr. agrós, Skr. ájra- ‘pasture; field’; usually interpreted as IE *aǵro- from the root *aǵ- ‘to drive (cattle)’ |
Arab. ˀalfun ‘thousand’, Akk. alpu ‘cattle’, Phoenician ˀ-l-p ‘ox’ | Engl. calf, Ger. Kalb < PG *kalba- (referred, probably incorrectly, to IE *gel-bh- ‘to swell’, cf. Lat. globus ‘globe’) |
Arab. ˀarḍun, Hbr. ˀereṣ ‘earth’, Akk. erṣetu | Engl. earth < *erþō, but also Gr. erā and Welsh erw ‘field’ |
Arab. ˁanzatun ‘goat’, Akk. enzu, ezzu, azzatu, ḫazzatu | the hesitation k- ~ 0- similar like in Akk. ḫ- ~ 0-:
- Pol. koza < IE *koǵā, Alb. keth, kedhi ‘kid’ (cf. Engl. kid), OE hǣcen (see also Tatar käǯä, Chuv. kačaga);
- without k-: Skr. ajā́, Lith. ožỹs, ožkà;
- Gr. aĩks, D aigós, Arm. ayc, Skr. eḍa- ‘kind of sheep’, Av. izaēna- ‘of leather’
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Arab. ˁaqrabun ‘scorpion’, Akk. aqrabu | Engl. crab, Ger. Krabbe and Krebs, Gr. kárabos ‘crab’ and skorpiós |
Ugaritic ˁ-ṯ-t-r-t ‘Ashtarte – Ishtar (goddess)’, Phoenician ˁ-š-t-r-t (hence Arab. ˁaštarūtu), Akk. ištaru < *ˁiṯtar- < *ˁičtar- |
- Gr. ástēr ‘star’, Lat. stella < *sterela, Engl. star < steorra, Ger. Stern < sterno < IE *H2ster-;
- possibly Engl. iron, Ger. Eisen < *īsarna- (from Celtic)
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Arab. baˁlun ‘lord; husband; sir’, Hbr. baˁal ‘sir; god's name’ | Celtic Bel ‘god's name’, Slavic bol- ‘more’ (cf. Pol. Bolesław), Skr. balin- ‘strong, powerful’, Gr. bélteros ‘better’, Frisian pall ‘strong, hard’, Lat. dē-bilis ‘weak’ |
Hbr. barzel ‘iron’, Akk. parzillu (in other AA languages the same root denotes other metals, e.g. Egyptian b-j-ˀ ‘copper’, Chadic and Cushitic bir- ‘iron’, ‘silver’ or ‘metal’ in common) |
- Lat. ferrum < *fersom ~ *fersilom;
- with a shift and a meaning change Pol. srebro ‘silver’ < PS *serbro, Lith. sidãbras, prus. sirablan, Engl. silver, Ger. Silber, Goth. silubr; bask. zilhar;
- perhaps also Gr. sídēros ‘iron’, Dor. sídāros (cf. the Lith. form!)
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Arab. burrun ‘wheat’, Hbr. bār ‘threshed grain’ |
- Pol. perz ‘wild wheat, Triticum repens’ < pyrь, OCS pyro ‘spelt, Triticum spelta’, OE fyrs ‘wheat-grass’, Gr. pȳrós ‘wheat’, Old Lith. pūras ‘grain of wheat’;
- maybe also Pol. ber, gen. bru < PS bъrъ ‘a gender of millet, Setaria sp, Panicum miliaceum or Milium effusum’
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Akk. dunnunu ‘fortified’ |
- Engl. down ‘sand-drift’ < OE dūn ‘hill’ < *dūna-, a Germanic borrowing from Celtic dunum ‘stronghold’;
- the same in PG *tūnaz > Engl. town, Ger. Zaun ‘fence’
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Arab. darkun, darakun ‘way, round’, Hbr. derek̲ ‘way’ | Pol. droga ‘way’, Russ. doróga < PS *dórga < IE *dhorHg- without convincing IE etymology |
Arab. dārun ‘house’, dūrun ‘houses’, dāˀiratun ‘circle’ | Engl. thorp, Ger. Dorf < PG *þurp-, Lat. turba ‘mob’, Gr. túrbē ‘confusion’; Engl. twirl < PG *þweril- |
Akk. dūru ‘long time’ | Lat. dūrāre ‘to endure, to persist’, skąd Ger. Dauer ‘duration’ |
Arab. d̲irāˁun ‘arm’, Hbr. zərōăˁ | Engl. steer < PG *steur- |
Akk. epūšu ‘sacrifice, offering’ | Lat. opus, D operis < *opes-is ‘work’, OE efnan ‘to make’ < *ōbjan < *ōp- ~ *op- ‘offering’, Skr. apas ‘work’ |
Akk. gadū ‘kid’, Arab. gadjun | Engl. goat, Goth. gaits, Lat. haedus (cf. also ˁanzatun above) |
Arab. gamalun, gamlun ‘camel’, Hbr. gāmāl, pl. gəmallīm, Akk. gammalu |
- Engl. camel < Lat. camelus, Gr. kamēlos ‘camel’, Russ. komolyj ‘hornless’;
- Lith. kumelỹs ‘horse’, kumẽlė ‘mare’, Latv. kumē ̧ļš ‘foal’, Skr. kumārá- ‘baby, son, child’;
- Lat. caballus ‘horse’, Pol. kobyła ‘mare’, OTurk. käväl, Pers. kaval ‘swift horse’;
- Lat. cabō, gen. cabōnis ‘horse’, Fin. hepo ‘steed’, hevonen ‘horse’;
- Pruss. camnet ‘horse’, Pol. koń < PS *kom(o)nь (cf. komonica ‘birdfoot trefoil, Lotus’) < *kamni-
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Hbr. gal ‘wave; spring’ (in Chadic and Cushitic sim. ‘river, lake’) | Engl. well, Ger. Quelle ‘spring’ without IE etymology |
Arab. ġaranun ‘eagle’, Akk. urinnu, erū | Hittite ḫara, OE earn, Ger. Aar, Swedish örn, Ger. Adler < *edel-ar ‘a noble bird of pray’ < *arnu-, *arōn ‘eagle, bird of pray’, Pol. orzeł ‘eagle’ < PS *orьlъ < *orilo-, Gr. órnīs, órnīth- ‘bird’ |
Arab. ġirnīqun, ġurnūqun ‘crane’ |
- Engl. crane, Gr. géranos < IE *gerH-no-;
- Pol. żuraw < *žeravjь, Lith. gérvė, Lat. grūs < *gerH-w-
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Arab. ġurābun ‘raven’, Akk. āribu, ēribu, ḫērebu ‘raven, crow’, Hbr. ˁōrēb̲ ‘raven’ |
- Engl. crow (echoic?);
- raven < PG *xrabnaz, Lat. corvus, Gr. kóraks
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Arab. ḫuffun ‘paw, foot; shoe, slipper’ | Engl. hoof < PG *xuf-, Pol. kopyto ‘hoof’ with unclear -yt-, Skr. śapha < IE *ḱopH- |
Arab. ḫarīfun ‘autumn’, Akk. ḫarpu |
- Engl. harvest, Ger. Herbst ‘autumn’ < PG *xarbista < IE *karp- with untypical -a-;
- also Lat. carpere ‘to pick fruit’, Gr. karpós ‘fruit’;
- unclear reference to Engl. harp, Ger. Harfe < PG *xarpō
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Akk. ḫussu ‘reed hut’ | Engl. house < PG *xūs |
Ugar. ḥrt ‘to plough’, Hbr. ḥrš, Akad. erēšu ‘till land’ | Hitt. ḫaršawar ‘tillage, agriculture’, ḫarš- ‘to tillage without the help of an animal’ (< IE *Har-s- ?) |
Arab. kalbun ‘dog’ | Hitt. ḫuelpi ‘newborn animal’, Engl. whelp < PG *xwelp-, Welsh colwyn |
Arab. labwat-, labāt- ‘lioness’, Akk. labbu (labˀu, lābu) ‘lion’, Hbr. poet. lāb̲īˀ (together with normal ˀarjē < *ˀarwaj); Hbr. lajiš, Arab. lajṯun, lājiṯun (maybe contamination of the previous and *najṯu- > Akk. nēšu, but also Arab. nahhāsun, nahūsun, minhasun) | Pol. lew < PS lьvъ < OHG lëwo < Lat. leō, Gr. léōn, līs |
Arab. lawḥun ‘lath, board’, lawḥatun ‘shield’ | Engl. lath < OE *læþþ and lætt (from Nordic), without etymology |
Arab. lisānun ‘tongue, language’, laḥwasa ‘to lick’, Hbr. lāšōn ‘tongue, language’, lāqaq ‘to lick’ |
- Engl. tongue, Goth. tungo, Lat. lingua, Old Lat. dingua, Skr. juhū-, jihvā-, Avestan hizū, hizvā, Pol. język, Pruss. insuwis, Lith. liežùvis, Gr. glõtta, glõssa, glátta, maybe also Lat. gingīva ‘gum (of a tooth)’, Gr. gamphēlaí ‘muzzle, mouth’;
- Pol. lizać ‘to lick’, Lith. liẽžti, Skr. lḗḍhi, líhati, Gr. leíkhō, Lat. lingō, Engl. lick
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Arab. malaga ‘to suck’ | Engl. milk < PG *mel(u)ka-, borrowed to Slavic (Pol. mleko), together with Old Pol. młodziwo ‘beestings, colostrum’ instead of *młoziwo from IE *melHǵ- ~ *mlaHǵ-t-, Lat. lāc, lactis, Gr. gala, galaktos, also Georgian rʒe < *mlǵe |
Akk. manū ‘to count, to measure’, Arab. manā ‘to check, to try’, Hbr. mānā(h) ‘to count’ (maybe of the root *man ‘to think’, related to Nostratic *manu ‘think’ in Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, IE) |
- Engl. moon < PG *mēnō, Engl. month < PG *mēnōþ < IE *mē-n-, Lat. mēnsis < IE *mē-n-s-, Pol. miesiąc ‘month’ < PS *měsęcь < IE *mē-s-;
- Skr. māti ‘to measure’, Lat. mētior ‘t.s.’, Hittite meḫḫur ‘time’, Pol. mierzyć ‘to measure’, miara ‘a measure’ < měr- < IE *mē-, *mē-t-, *mē-r-, *mē-n- < *meH-;
- Engl. meal < *mē-l- ‘meal time’;
- Gr. métron ‘a measure’, Lith. me͂tas ‘year’ < IE *me-t-;
- Gr. medímnos, médimnos ‘a measure of grain’, OE metan, Ger. messen ‘to measure’, Lat. modus ‘a measure’ < IE *me-d-, *mo-d-
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Arab. muhrun ‘foal’, Akk. mūru | Engl. mare, ir. marc ‘horse’ < IE *mark-, also Mongolian moŕ ‘horse’< *mori, Korean mal < Middle Korean mằr |
Arab. nahrun ‘river’, Akk. nāru | Pol. Ner ‘name of a river’ < Nyr, nur ‘diver, loon’, zanurzać się ‘to plunge, to dive’ < IE *nuHr-, nouHr-, cf. also nora ‘burrow, den’, Lith. nérti < *nerH- ~ *norH- |
Hbr. pā(j) ‘mouth’, st.constr. pī, Akk. pū, Arab. fumun | Pol. pić ‘to drink’, Lat. bibere and pōtāre, Skr. pāti, pipati ‘he is drinking’ (IE irregular *pei-, *pō-, *pipe-, *bibe-) |
Akk. padānu ‘path’; bask. haran < *padan | Engl. path, Ger. Pfad < PG *paþ- (? from Iranian path-) |
Akk. perdu ‘horse, mule’, Hbr. pered̲ ‘mule’, and also Arab. farasun ‘horse’, Hbr. pārāš ‘equipage’; Arab. faraˀun ‘onager, wild donkey’, Akk. parû, paraḫu, Hbr. pereˀ (with related words in Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic); cf. also Syrian bardūnā ‘mule’, Arab. bird̲awn- ‘not thoroughbred horse’, Eth. bāzrā ‘mare’; cf. also Arab. barīd- ‘carrier horse’ (from Greek?) | Ger. Pferd ‘horse’ < OHG pferīd, pferifrīd < PG *parafrid-, from Lat. verēdus,*paraverēdus ‘carrier horse, huntsman's horse’ (from that also Gr. béraidos, beredos), from Gallic (Welsh gorwydd ‘horse’) |
Hbr. pered̲ ‘odd number’, Arab. fardun ‘one, the only one’ | Pol. pierwszy ‘first’, Engl. first, Gr. prõtos, Lat. prīmus; also Georgian p̣irveli, Turkish bir ‘one’, Mongolian bür ‘everyone’, Korean piroso ‘in the beginning’, Japanese hitótsu < *pitə- ‘one’, from Altaic *bi̯uri |
Akk. puluḫtu ‘fright, fear’ | Engl. fright < fryhta < *furxtīn, Goth. faúrhts ‘fear’ |
Arab. qadda ‘to cut’, qaṭṭa ‘to cut off’, Hbr. qāṭam ‘to cut down’ | Engl. cut, OIc. kuta, with no further etymology |
Arab. qāla ‘to speak’ |
- Engl. call from Nordic kalla, Briton galw; Pol. głos ‘voice’ < PS *gols-, Ossetian γalas < *golḱ-;
- Gr. kaléō ‘to call, to name’
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Arab. qāma ‘to stand up, to become’ | Engl. come, become, Goth. qiman, Skr. gámati, gácchati ‘goes’, Lat. veniō, Gr. baínō (with irregular change *m > n) < IE *gʷem- |
Akk. qarābu ‘war, battle’, Hbr. qərāb̲, maybe also Arab. qurḥatun ‘wound, injury’ | OE here ‘army’, Ger. Heer < PG *xarjaz; cf. also herald < *xariwald- |
Arab. qarjatun, qirjatun ‘housing estate, town, village’, Aram. qurəjātā, Phoenician qart ‘city, town’, Ugaritic q-r-t | Pol. gród ‘(old) city, castle’, Engl. yard, Lith. gar̃das, Skr. gr̥has ‘house’, Tocharian A kerciye |
Arab. qarnun ‘horn’ (also ‘vertex’, not related to qarana ‘to bind, to tie’) |
- Engl. horn < PG *xurnaz, Lat. cornū, Skr. śŕ̥ŋga-;
- Gr. karā ‘head’ (> Lat. cara ‘face’ and Engl. cheer) < IE *ḱr̥-H-;
- Gr. kéras ‘horn’, Persian sar ‘head’ < IE *ḱer-H-s-;
- Lat. cerebrum ‘brain’ < IE *ḱr̥-H-s-ro-;
- Gr. kraníon ‘skull’ (> Lat. cranium and Pol. migrena < French migraine < hemicranium) < IE *ḱr̥-s-no-;
- Engl. hornet < PG *xurznuta, Lat. crabrō, Pol. szerszeń < PS *šŕ̥š-en-;
- Gr. krios ‘ram’ < IE *ḱr̥-ī-;
- Engl. rein-deer < OE hreinn < PG *xrajna ‘horned animal’ < IE *ḱr̥-oi-n-;
- Engl. rinder-pest < OE hrind ‘ox’, Ger. Rinder ‘cattle’ < PG *xrinda;
- Pol. krowa ‘cow’, Russ. koróva < IE *ḱr̥-Hw-;
- Lat. cervus ‘deer’, cervix ‘neck’ < IE *ḱr̥-w-;
- Engl. hart < PG *xerutaz < IE *ḱer-u-do-;
- Gr. korynē ‘club, cudgel’, koryphē ‘head’, korymbos ‘the highest part’
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Arab. qatala ‘to kill’, maybe also Arab. qatta ‘to tell lies’ | Engl. hate, Ger. hassen < PG *xat-; OE heaþu ‘war’, Ger. Hader ‘quarrel’ < PG *xaþ-; Gr. kḗdō ‘I worry’, Welsh cas ‘hate’, cawdd ‘anger’; maybe also Engl. kill, quell, Old Irish. at-baill ‘he is dying’ < IE *gwel- |
Arab. qaṭara ‘to drip; to cover with birch tar’, qaṭrānun ‘birch tar’, Hbr. qəṭār ‘incense’ | Ger. Ruß ‘soot’ < PG *xrōtō, probably unrelated to Engl. rot, rust < PG and IE *ru- |
Hbr. qōp ‘ape, monkey’, Egyptian kefi | ON api, Engl. ape, Germ. Affe, ORuth. opica, Skr. kapí- |
Akk. sīsū, Hbr. sūs ‘horse’ | Luwian azzuwa < IE *eḱwos ‘horse’ |
Akk. šaḫū ‘pig’ (perhaps also Egyptian šˀy) | Lat. sūs, Gr. hūs, sūs < IE *sū- ‘pig’ |
Hbr. šeb̲aˁ, šib̲ˁā ‘seven’ (m and f resp.), Akk. šiba, šibittu, Arab. sabˁun, sabˁatun < PSem *šibˁum, Egyptian *'safxaw, Shilha sa | Engl. seven, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Pol. siedem < IE *septm̥ |
Hbr. šēš, šiššā ‘six’ (m and f resp.), Arab. sittun, sittatun, Eth. seds, sedestū, Aram. šeṯ, štā, Ugaritic ṯeṯ, Old South Arab. s-d-ṯ < PSem *šidṯum; Egyptian *sar'saw, *saj'saw, Shilha sd̲is |
- Engl. six, Ger. sechs, Lat. sex, Gr. heks, Pol. sześć, Skr. ṣaṣ < IE *ksweks (the presence of *k- is proved with Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Indo-Iranian facts);
- Finnish kuusi < *kuute, Hungarian hat < *kūt- ~ *kutt-;
- Dravidian *caru;
- Georgian ekvsi
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Akk. šalḫu, šulḫu ‘wall’ (cf. also Egyptian swˀḥ.t ‘stronghold’) or Hbr. ṣēlāˁ, Arab. ḍilˁun ‘rib’, Eth. ṣəlle, ṣəlla ‘beam’ | Ger. Säule, OE sȳl < PG *sūlj- ‘column’ |
Arab. tajsun ‘he-goat’, Hbr. tajiš, Akk. daššu, taššu, but also Hbr. dīšōn ‘aurochs, Bison bonasus’, Akk. ditānu, didānu ‘t.s.’ | Ger. Ziege, OHG ziga ‘she-goat’ < PG *tīgō (unknown outside German), Alb. dhi < IE *dīk-, maybe related to Pol. dziki ‘wild’, Old Pol. dziwy, dziwoki, Lith. dỹkas |
Arab. tawˀamun ‘twins’ | Engl. twins < IE *du- ‘two’ |
Arab. ṯawrun, Akk. šūru ‘bull’ |
- Engl. steer, Goth. stiur, Avestan staōra < IE *steuro-;
- Pol. tur ‘urus, Bos primigenius’, Lat. taurus ‘bull’, Gr. tauros < IE *tauro-
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Arab. wajnun, Hbr. jajin ‘wine’ | Engl. wine, Gr. (w)oĩnos, Lat. vīnum; Hitt. wijanaš, cf. also Georgian γvino |
Arab. waqā ‘to preserve, to defend’ | Engl. wake, watch, wait < PG *wak-, *waxt-, Lat. vegere ‘to be active’, Skr. vāja ‘strength, speed’ |
Arab. warada ‘to come’, wardijānun ‘guardian’ | Engl. guard < Old French garder < Frankish warden |
Akk. zību ‘sacrifice, offering’ | OE tiber ‘sacrifice, offering’; Ger. Ungeziefer ‘vermin’ |