Haplogroups of European kings and queens

[Maciamo]

Two weeks ago, I mentioned that members of the House of Oldenburg belonged to haplogroup R1b, based on Tsar Nicholas II's DNA. Here is a summary of all European kings and queens (and crown princes) whose haplogroup can be deduced from the testing of a relative.

Britain & Scandinavia

Kings & Queens of England or Great Britain

James I (1566-1625) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Charles I (1600-1649) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Henrietta Maria of France (1609-1669) => H (mtDNA)
Charles II (1630-1685) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
James II (1633-1701) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
William III (1650-1702) => H (mtDNA)
George I (1660-1727) => T2 (mtDNA)
George III (1738-1820) => T2 (mtDNA)
Victoria (1819-1901) => H (mtDNA)
Edward VII (1841-1910) => H (mtDNA)
Alexandra of Denmark (1844-1925) => T2 (mtDNA)
George V (1865-1936) => T2 (mtDNA)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Charles, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)
William, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)

Kings & Queens of Denmark

Sigrid the Haughty (968-1014) => => H5a (mtDNA)
Harald II (980-1018) => H5a (mtDNA)
Canute the Great (994-1035) => H5a (mtDNA)
Sweyn II Estridson (1019-1076) => H5a (mtDNA)
Elizabeth (1524-1586) => T2 (mtDNA)
Anne (1574-1619) => T2 (mtDNA)
Juliana Maria of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1729-1796) => H9 (mtDNA)
Margrethe II (1940-) => H (mtDNA)

All the Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) belonged to haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

• Christian I (1426-1481)
• John (1455-1513)
• Christian II (1481-1559)
• Frederick I
• Christian III => T2 (mtDNA)
• Frederick II
• Christian IV => T2 (mtDNA)
• Frederick III
• Christian V
• Frederick IV
• Christian VI
• Frederick V
• Christian VII
• Frederick VI
• Christian VIII
• Frederick VII
• Christian IX (1818-1906)
• Frederick VIII (1843-1912) => T2 (mtDNA)
• Christian X (1870-1947)
• Frederick IX (1899-1972)

Kings of Norway

=> See Kings of Denmark from Christian I to Frederick VI.

Haakon VII (1872-1957) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Olav V (1903-1991) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Harald V (1937-) => R1b (Y-DNA)

Kings & Queens of Sweden

Olof Skötkonung (980-1022) => H5a (mtDNA)
Christian I (1426-1481) => R1b (Y-DNA)
John (1455-1513) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Christian II (1481-1559) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632) => T2 (mtDNA)
Charles X Gustav (1622-1660) => T2 (mtDNA)
Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) => H (mtDNA)
Margaret of Connaught (1882-1920) => H (mtDNA)
Louise Mountbatten (1889-1965) => H (mtDNA)
Ingrid (1910-2000) => H (mtDNA)
Carl XVI Gustaf (1946-) => H (mtDNA)

Benelux, Germany & Austro-Hungary

Holy Roman Emperors & Empress

Barbara of Celje (1390-1451) => T2 (mtDNA)
Maximilian II of Habsburg (1527-1576) => H (mtDNA)
Ferdinand II of Habsburg (1578-1637) => H (mtDNA)
Leopold I of Habsburg (1640-1705) => H (mtDNA)
Leopold II of Habsburg (1747-1792) => H9 (mtDNA)

Emperors & Empress of Austria

Maria Theresa (1717-1780) => H9 (mtDNA)
Joseph II (1741-1790) => H9 (mtDNA)
Ferdinand I (1793-1875) => H9 (mtDNA)
Charles I (1887-1922) => H (mtDNA)

Dukes/Kings & Queens of Bohemia

Boleslaus II the Pious (920-999) => H5a (mtDNA)
Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442) => T2 (mtDNA)
Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (1456-1516) => T2 (mtDNA)
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1546) => H (mtDNA)
Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662) => T2 (mtDNA)
Ferdinand IV of Bohemia and Hungary (1633-1654) => H (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of Prussia

Frederick William I of Prussia (1688-1740) => T2 (mtDNA)
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern (1715-1797) => H9 (mtDNA)
Frederick William II (1744-1797) => H9 (mtDNA)

Emperors & Empress of Germany

Victoria of Prussia (1840-1901) => H (mtDNA)
Wilhelm II (1859-1941) => H (mtDNA)

Kings of Saxony

Frederick Augustus II (1797-1854) => H9 (mtDNA)
John I (1801-1873) => H9 (mtDNA)

Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland

Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567-1625) => T2 (mtDNA)

Kings of the Netherlands & Grand Duke of Luxembourg

William I (1772-1843) => H9 (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of the Belgians

Leopold I (1790-1865) => H (mtDNA)
Marie-Louise of France (1812-1850) => H9 (mtDNA)
Leopold II (1835-1909) => H9 (mtDNA)

Italy, France, Spain & Portugal

Kings & Queens of France

Marie de' Medici (1575-1642) => H (mtDNA)
Louis XIII (1601-1643) => H (mtDNA)
Maria Theresa of Spain (1638-1683) => H (mtDNA)
Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711) => H (mtDNA)
Louis XV (1710-1774) => H (mtDNA)
Marie-Antoinette (1755-1793) => H9 (mtDNA)
Louis XVII (1785-1795) => H9 (mtDNA)

Emperors & Empress of France

Marie Louise of Austria (1791-1847) => H9 (mtDNA)
Napoleon II (1811-1832) => H9 (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of the French

Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (1782-1866) => H9 (mtDNA)

Kings of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) => H9 (mtDNA)

Grand Duke of Tuscany

Archduchess Joanna of Austria (1547–1578) => H (mtDNA)
Ferdinando II de' Medici (1610-1670) => H (mtDNA)

King of Sardinia

Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701-1773) => H (mtDNA)
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (1779–1849) => H9 (mtDNA)
Maria Theresa of Tuscany (1801-1855) => H9 (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of Spain

Margaret of Austria (1584–1611) => H (mtDNA)
Philip IV (1605-1665) => H (mtDNA)
Elisabeth of France (1602–1644) => H (mtDNA)
Mariana of Austria (1634-1696) => H (mtDNA)
Charles II (1661-1700) => H (mtDNA)
Marie Louise of Orléans (1662-1689) => H (mtDNA)
Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688-1714) => H (mtDNA)
Ferdinand VI (1713-1759) => H (mtDNA)
Maria Josepha of Saxony (1803-1829) => H9 (mtDNA)
Isabella II (1830-1904) => H (mtDNA)
Alfonso XII (1857-1885) => H (mtDNA)
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (1887-1969) => H (mtDNA)
Sofia (1938-) => H (mtDNA)
Felipe, Prince of Asturias (1968-) => H (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of Portugal

Maria II (1819-1853) => H (mtDNA)
Pedro V (1837-1861) => H (mtDNA)
Luís I (1838-1889) => H (mtDNA)

Emperors & Empress of Brazil

Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1797-1826) => H9 (mtDNA)

Emperors & Empress of Mexico

Charlotte of Belgium (1840-1927) => H9 (mtDNA)

Eastern Europe

Dukes/Kings & Queens of Poland

Boleslaw I Chrobry (967-1025) => H5a (mtDNA)
Elisabeth of Austria (1436-1505) => T2 (mtDNA)
John I Albert (1459-1501) => T2 (mtDNA)
Alexander Jagiellon (1461-1506) => T2 (mtDNA)
Sigismund I of Poland (1467-1548) => T2 (mtDNA)
Catherine of Austria (1533-1572) => H (mtDNA)
Anna of Austria (1573-1598) => H (mtDNA)
Wladyslaw IV Vasa (1595-1648) => H (mtDNA)
Constance of Austria (1588-1631) => H (mtDNA)
John II Casimir Vasa (1609-1672) => H (mtDNA)
Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria (1653-1697) => H (mtDNA)

Tsars & Empress of Russia

Peter II (1715-1730) => H9 (mtDNA)

Romanov dynasty since Paul I => R1b (Y-DNA) :

• Paul I (1754-1801)
• Alexander I (1777-1825)
• Constantine I (1779-1831)
• Nicholas I (1796-1855)
• Alexander II (1818-1881)
• Alexander III (1845-1894)
• Nicholas II (1868-1918) => T2 (mtDNA)

Maria Feodorovna (1847-1928) => H (mtDNA)
Alexandra Feodorovna (1872-1918) => H (mtDNA)

Kings & Queens of Greece

George I (1845-1913) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Constantine I (1868-1923) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Sophia of Prussia (1870-1932) => H (mtDNA)
Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885-1969) => H (mtDNA)
Alexander (1893-1920) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
George II (1890-1947) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Paul (1901-1964) => H (mtDNA)
Anne-Marie (1946-) => H (mtDNA)
Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece (1967-) => H (mtDNA)

Kings of Romania

Ferdinand I (1865-1927) => H (mtDNA)
Michael (1921-) => H (mtDNA)

[Maciamo]

Only 1 Y-DNA and 4 mtDNA lineages were used to compile the above list. The people tested were (with the known mitochondrial mutations) :

- King Sweyn II of Denmark (mtDNA haplogroup H5a : 16093C, 16304C)

DNA tested from the king's remains at Roskilde Cathedral. His earliest recorded matrilineal ancestor was Dubrawka of Bohemia (died 977).

- Tzar Nicholas II of Russia (mtDNA haplogroup T2 : 16126C, 16169Y*, 16294T, 16296T, 73G, 263G, 315.1C)
* heteroplasmy for 16169Y (common within haplogroup T).

All the members of haplogroup T2 above descend from Adelheid von Alpeck (died 1280), daughter of Witegow von Alpeck.

Their most recent common matrilineal ancestor is Elisabeth of Bohemia (1409–1442), daughter of Sigismund of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor, and Barbara of Celje.

- Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (haplogroup H : 263G, 315.1C, 16111T, 16357C)

Both of them descend in matrilineal line from Queen Victoria. This lineage's oldest known matrilineal ancestor would be Mathilde, mother of Cecile de Provence-Arles (died in 1150).

The most recent common ancestor of the people on this page is Anne of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1546).

The subclade of H cannot be identified without results from the coding region. The 16111 mutation suggest that it might be H2.

- Emperess Maria Theresa of Austria (haplogroup H : 152C, 194T, 263G, 315.1C, 16519C)

Various matrilineal descendants of Maria Theresa were tested and confirmed to belong to the same haplogroup.

This lineage's oldest known matrilineal ancestor is Anna Katherina von Salm-Kyrburg (1614-1647).

The most recent common ancestor to all the above-mentioned is Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen, who was the maternal grandmother of Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen Elisabeth Christine of Prussia, Queen Juliane Marie of Denmark and Tsar Peter II of Russia.

This lineage is possibly H9 (mentioned as such above to differentiate it from the H lineage descending from Anne of Bohemia).


It's interesting to see that 3 out of the 4 lineages descend from a Queen/Duchess of Bohemia.

[Tourbillion]

Wow, great work! :)

[Maciamo]

According to the Stuart/Stewart Project at FTDNA, King Charles II of Great Britain would have been R1b-L21. This is concordant with the history of the House of Stuart, who traces its roots to Brittany (a region with a high frequency of R-L21) before settling in Scotland during the Norman period.

[ylebzh]

Great work indeed !
Very interesting, but if you isolate the Ydna, all these families are related to each other, mainly through Victoria, as she placed her many daughters quite wisely throughout Europe.
There is also different dynasties, not always related through paternal line, and I see very few Ydna's, wondering why .....