humanbyrace
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Europeans R haplotypes used to sepak Dene-Caucasian Vasconic and other non identified languages,when middle eastern farmers brought agriculture to Europe they brought their nostratic languages.
Every actual ie European language is the result of the creolisation between local language and the language of nostratic speaking new incomers.
1/The list of Indo-European proto roots(nearly 1000)below contains many borrowing from Semitic,Kartvelian,Uralic and northwestern Caucasian.
(I will put it laterly)
Also majority of those roots are very distant from English counterparts (the "English gloss" coulumn)
2/Of course,these proto roots are not shared by all ie sub-families and if we count the ie common roots(to all ie subfamilies
-and not even all ie languages)the number will be reduced drastically.*
3/There is a heavy non ie substartum in all ie languages which is visible at best in conjugation,word order,syntaxe,lexicon and grammatical features of the ie languages.
4/By analogy with Semitic languages,we can see that there is a huge core of common lexicon,syntaxe,grammar and conjugation shared by Semitic languages but no such way between ie languages.
5/There are some common and strict charcteristics of Semitic languages that stand as if the Semitic family is an original pure family and not similar to creolisation,spracbund,superstartum and substratum features that are seen in ie languages.
For example:
a/ie "dokhtar" semitic "okht"
Semitic "okht" is feminine form of "akh"(brother) whereas "sister" and "brother" are very distant.
b/English 1/"book",2/"writes",3/"desk",4/"bibliotheque",5/"youth school" are similar meaning but different rooted words whereas in Arabic these words are both similar meanings and from the same root:1/"kitab"2/"yaktubu"3/"maktab"4/"maktaba"5/"kuttab"
6/ie languages look like as variying degrees of superstratumisation,creolisation and sprachbund of already existing non ie languages(which retained some of their lexicon,grammar,syntax,accent&conjugation original features)as suggested for example by the heavy non ie substratum of Greek,Sanskrit,German etc...
Arabic/Italian:
1/idhe al thuraya we al 9amar ma3ana kama bil sabt lan namuta fil ghara amma addili al sayf wa al mitraqa./se l'astro e la luna sono con noi come di (nel) sabato non moriremo in[Arabic "ayn"=where]guerra ma damme la spada e il martello.
2/barid,qaidh,mitraqa,sayf,mawt,thawr,sawt,dawra/freddo,caldo,martello,spada,morte,toro,sono,giro.
Arabic/Greek:
1/sa ohibbu an aktuba./tha filo na grafo.
2/ward,thawrayn,khobz,lobb,qafa./rodos,tawrin,bekos,lobos,kefa.
Arabic/Persian:
mawt,sama,mar',djay,maridh, thuraya./morde,asman,mard,yaye,bimar, sitare.
Arabic/English:
1/Istaqsini kam ana tawil min hom./Quest me how tall I am than them.
2/Ente ma3lul we huwe thakhin./Thou are ill and he is thick.
3/3ayn,3onq,tho3ban,3asfur,wazz,djady,baqara,yad,khomm,bany,qad,sawt./eye,neck,serpent,sparrow,goose,goat,buck,hand,home,bind,goad,sound.
Arabic/French:
mawt,haql,dalw,dawra,wazz,mahr,maridh,ghurab,kassar,miqass,mir'a./mort,agro,diluer,tour,oies,mer,malade,corbeau,casser,ciseau,miroir.
Possible reconstructed proto Semitic numbers(1 to 10):ahd,thi[nayn is deleted because it's the Semitic dual ending],thle[th is deleted beacuse it's the broken plural of fu3l],arb??,hams??,sits,sab,tham,tis[=ie 10-1]a(''a''like in arab/aarab[non arabs]=very ancient nostratic suffix??)]a,dash(from ihdash=11).
Russian(archaic ie language??)numbers
odin,dve,tri,chetire,pjat,shest,sem',vosem,devjat,desjat.
Every actual ie European language is the result of the creolisation between local language and the language of nostratic speaking new incomers.
1/The list of Indo-European proto roots(nearly 1000)below contains many borrowing from Semitic,Kartvelian,Uralic and northwestern Caucasian.
(I will put it laterly)
Also majority of those roots are very distant from English counterparts (the "English gloss" coulumn)
2/Of course,these proto roots are not shared by all ie sub-families and if we count the ie common roots(to all ie subfamilies
-and not even all ie languages)the number will be reduced drastically.*
3/There is a heavy non ie substartum in all ie languages which is visible at best in conjugation,word order,syntaxe,lexicon and grammatical features of the ie languages.
4/By analogy with Semitic languages,we can see that there is a huge core of common lexicon,syntaxe,grammar and conjugation shared by Semitic languages but no such way between ie languages.
5/There are some common and strict charcteristics of Semitic languages that stand as if the Semitic family is an original pure family and not similar to creolisation,spracbund,superstartum and substratum features that are seen in ie languages.
For example:
a/ie "dokhtar" semitic "okht"
Semitic "okht" is feminine form of "akh"(brother) whereas "sister" and "brother" are very distant.
b/English 1/"book",2/"writes",3/"desk",4/"bibliotheque",5/"youth school" are similar meaning but different rooted words whereas in Arabic these words are both similar meanings and from the same root:1/"kitab"2/"yaktubu"3/"maktab"4/"maktaba"5/"kuttab"
6/ie languages look like as variying degrees of superstratumisation,creolisation and sprachbund of already existing non ie languages(which retained some of their lexicon,grammar,syntax,accent&conjugation original features)as suggested for example by the heavy non ie substratum of Greek,Sanskrit,German etc...
* QUOTE
What we see here looks very much like a dialect map of languages that occur near each other and so exchange influences with adjacent languages. The theory that goes with it is called the "wave model," that innovations spread out across the field like waves in a pond. The line marked #1 in red surrounds the Satem languages. The line marked #2 in blue surrounds Greek and the Italic languages (like Latin), where we have voiceless sounds for Indo-European voiced aspirates, i.e. ph in Greek and f in Latin for Indo-European bh (Germanic languages have . The line marked #3 in light green surrounds the Italic and Celtic languages, which have passive forms of the verb in -r, e.g. Latin laudor, "I am praised" (active laudô). The line marked #4 in light purple surrounds the "North-West" group of languages, which share some common vocabulary that does not occur elsewhere among Indo-European languages. The line marked #5 in dark green surrounds the south-eastern languages that have a prefixed vowel in the past tense or aorist, e.g. Greek élipon, "I left" (present leípô). The line marked #6 in gray surrounds northern languages where (according to Pyles and Algeo) "medial schwa [an indefinite vowel] was lost." The line marked #7 in orange surrounds the western languages that share some common vocabulary not found elsewhere. The line marked #8 in light blue surrounds northern languages that have a dative plural in -m, e.g. Gothic dagam, "to/for days" (nominative singular dags, dative singular daga -- Modern German now has -n in the dative plural, den Tagen, but -m in the [masculine/neuter] singular, dem Tag), or Russian dnyam, "to/for days" (nominative singular dyen [with the final "soft" sign], dative singular dnyu). The line marked #9 in dark purple surrounds the Indo-Iranian languages, i.e. the Indic and Iranian, where (according to Pyles and Algeo) "schwa became i" -- though there are many features that unite the Indo-Iranian group, including vocabulary items, e.g. the god Mitra in Sanskrit and Mira in Iranian (Avestan, Persian). Finally, the line marked #10 in yellow surrounds Greek and Armenian, where Mallory and Adams say, "[T]here were close contact relations between Greek and Armenian" [p.79].
Arabic/Italian:
1/idhe al thuraya we al 9amar ma3ana kama bil sabt lan namuta fil ghara amma addili al sayf wa al mitraqa./se l'astro e la luna sono con noi come di (nel) sabato non moriremo in[Arabic "ayn"=where]guerra ma damme la spada e il martello.
2/barid,qaidh,mitraqa,sayf,mawt,thawr,sawt,dawra/freddo,caldo,martello,spada,morte,toro,sono,giro.
Arabic/Greek:
1/sa ohibbu an aktuba./tha filo na grafo.
2/ward,thawrayn,khobz,lobb,qafa./rodos,tawrin,bekos,lobos,kefa.
Arabic/Persian:
mawt,sama,mar',djay,maridh, thuraya./morde,asman,mard,yaye,bimar, sitare.
Arabic/English:
1/Istaqsini kam ana tawil min hom./Quest me how tall I am than them.
2/Ente ma3lul we huwe thakhin./Thou are ill and he is thick.
3/3ayn,3onq,tho3ban,3asfur,wazz,djady,baqara,yad,khomm,bany,qad,sawt./eye,neck,serpent,sparrow,goose,goat,buck,hand,home,bind,goad,sound.
Arabic/French:
mawt,haql,dalw,dawra,wazz,mahr,maridh,ghurab,kassar,miqass,mir'a./mort,agro,diluer,tour,oies,mer,malade,corbeau,casser,ciseau,miroir.
Possible reconstructed proto Semitic numbers(1 to 10):ahd,thi[nayn is deleted because it's the Semitic dual ending],thle[th is deleted beacuse it's the broken plural of fu3l],arb??,hams??,sits,sab,tham,tis[=ie 10-1]a(''a''like in arab/aarab[non arabs]=very ancient nostratic suffix??)]a,dash(from ihdash=11).
Russian(archaic ie language??)numbers
odin,dve,tri,chetire,pjat,shest,sem',vosem,devjat,desjat.