Reply With QuoteThe industrial revolution Andalusian
In 1856, anadalucía was the second Spanish region in terms of degree of industrializacón. A century later was practically in line, with an index of industrialization less than 50 100 middle-level Spanish. While between 1856 and 1900 Andalusia had a level of industrialization than the national average in the branches of power, metallurgy, chemistry and ceramics, from 1915 this supremacy was reduced to the food and chemical industries. According to proponents of the so-called dependency theory, the fundamental causes of the failure of industry and regional economy in the late nineteenth century would have been: first, the Andalusian agriculture more productive have always been tied to exports very elastic demand, which could never serve as an engine of development, finally depleted their chances during the agricultural crisis of the penultimate decade of the century, on the other hand, mining, which could have served as a potent source of accumulation, not did by virtue of his outstanding mining and looting, third lacked a financial structure capable of channeling resources to the industry, always preferring business, and even burying substantial resources in building the railroad, fourth, integration Andalusia in the market's national, when the railway line was completely over, had dealt a severe blow to the economy of the region to become a small part of a much wider territory, and finally, the Bourbon Restoration would have made the Andalusian industrial oligarchy oligarchy politics mainly lives in Madrid that had enhanced unbalanced growth, which had specialized Andalusia definitely exporting agricultural activities, with low wages and high profits for landlords, had subsequently been invested in industrial activities center, high wages and high purchasing power.
Hypothesis, in short, to explain economic underdevelopment Andalusian:
Population growth in the nineteenth century that will push down wages in the labor market and help to prevent the substitution of labor by physical capital.
Unequal distribution of wealth and income will discourage investment in consumer goods industry.
Avoiding tariff protectionism in agriculture landowner, the transformation of farming methods and traditional production itself, except in cases of olive, citrus and other crops on the cereal-minority thereby perpetuating an economic system based primarily on extensive agriculture in employment of labor.
The protectionist policy that is strengthened in the late nineteenth and early twentieth promote the industrialization of the regions of North and discourage, while the investment in regions with comparative advantage in a potentially productive human capital.
However, this human capital business, in the case of Andalusia, is located, preferably, in agriculture, mostly for reasons of profitability, and technical human capital and labor in the secondary and tertiary sectors is limited to the extent that the low income level of most of the population resulted in low level of training.
For the foregoing factors are yields of traditional agriculture in most of the eastern provinces, where smallholder scheme was the dominant property.
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Andalusian industrialization
The textile industry
In Seville, the company formed by Calzada, Munilla and stop was installed in 1849 a steam mill with 3,720 spindles and 2,648 twisting spin, and 17 looms. In Cadiz, we know of an important "Factory Gaditana of Cotton Yarns and Fabrics, steamed, with a capital of three million reais and a staff of 250 workers, worked from 1847 to 1869. In Málaga, Larios Heredia and joined forces to create, in 1846, the reason "Industry Malagueña, SA", which has remained until the 1960's. From 1886 onwards, made a sign regression, the difficulties of the eighties, which brought the desacelarión industrial Catalonia, originating in Málaga outright decline.
The iron and steel industry
In 1826, Manuel Agustín Heredia, formed a partnership to exploit the magnetic iron farms Ojén, not far from Marbella, the factory on the banks of the Rio Verde, he proposed obtaining Piperia strips and plates. As the magnetite Ojén presented many difficulties to the merger by the traditional method is adopted the English method, obtaining the ingot to charcoal in Rio Verde (factory "La Concepción"), refined and rolled to the coal on the beach in Malaga ( factory "La Constancia"). The blast furnaces, reverberatory furnaces puddler and "La Concepción" and "La Constancia" have been the first civil purposes, living in Spain. Because the First Carlist War, there was paralysis of the northern forgings, demand was diverted to factories in the South, including the manufacture of "Pedroso", these factories in 1844 contributed 72 per 100 of all Spanish cast, cause that these and other smelters closed Andalusia, was mainly the strong protectionism Asturian coal.
The food industry
The food industry in the region was well above average levels in the nation. In the late nineteenth century, lost opportunities for the steel, textile and mining nearly exhausted and in foreign hands, Andalucía view seems to return to agricultural activities. These are mainly four wines of Jerez, the grapes of Almeria, the acit of Cordoba and Jaen and Malaga and Granada sugar.
"The "sherry"
Between 1823 and 1873 quadrupled sherry exports. At the end of this period were for the cultivation of vines about 7,800 acres, employing between 8,000 and 10,000 people, 20 per 100 population in the region. sherry dependence on foreign markets, sometimes for reasons as trivial as repeated media campaigns unleashed in Britain about the harmful effects of their consumption, too often caused price collapses, as occurred in 1863 and 1890, rendered impossible to think of a sufficiently strong export base. Its production was organized on the basis of three major economic groups: the growers, the wholesalers and exporters was the strongest group in which only five houses, Garvey, Domecq and Gonzalez, exported more than 50 gp 100 of the total. This latter group, which had been the only one capable of triggering a process of industrial diversification from a previous build, could not do it because the foster care system required very large sums devoted to the construction of large warehouses.
Sugar
In 1845 he began a new stage of flowering of sugar cane cultivation on the coast of Malaga and Granada, which reaches its climax at the end of the century, coinciding with the loss of the last American colonies. Only in Granada came to have six plants with a capacity of 1,280,000 arrobas daily grind cane. In 1900 the whole of the Vega of Granada, was devoted to growing sugar beet, with an annual production of 20,000 tons of sugar. Excess capacity led to a crisis of overproduction that resulted involved in the formation in 1904 of the General Sugar Company, consisting of more than 90 per 100 sugar factories in Spain. After 1904, the Vega of Granada, the richest region of the province was gradually decreasing importance, from 95 per 100 in 1885 to 93 per 100 in 1890 and 60 100 1895.
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Originally Posted by Wilhelm
