I previously posted about
V13/CTS5856. Since then I've used the Genographic project samples to look deeper in the distribution of V13/CTS5856. The analysis of that group is too specific for this board, but I also looked at the distribution of all groups in Greece, and that might be of interest here. I picked Greece since V13/CTS5856 is the major haplogroup there, and the peculiar geography and well documented history of Greece might provide some insight in the migration of V13 and it's timing.
All what follows is based on data from the Genographic project ("The National Geographic Society’s Genographic Project") unless otherwise specified, with many thanks to them for their work and their kind permission for me to access to their database.
I queried the Genographic project's database for all demographic fields containing "Greece" or "Greek". I selected all samples that had a male Greek ancestry (and excluded Vlach, Gypsy and Arvanite samples). Limiting to those with Y-DNA info I had 1531 samples. I used the different demographic fields to subdivide this 1531 samples in a number of regions. The samples belong to different phases of the project. The next statistics are based on the main one, containing 1119 samples. The following were the totals over these 1119, and the totals over the samples that couldn't be determined deeper than "Greek". I have to stress this is not a representative sample of Greece as a whole, as regions from where there was a lot of emmigration are obviously favored, most Genographic participants were descendants of emmigrants (especially to the US).
Levels over all of Greece:
C-M130 0,53-0,54%
E-M215 24-25%
G-M201 6,2-6,4%
G-P15 1,6-2%
I-M170 1-2% (= I2-L596 or I2-Y10705)
I1-M253 1-2,3%
I2-P37 8-9%
I2-M223 1,7%
J1-M267 4,3-4,6%
J2-M172 16,4-16,5%
L-M20 0,53-0,83%
N-M231 0,53-0,63%
Q-L232 0,5-1,6%
R1a-L63 8-9,8%
R1b-M343 15-19,7%
T-M170 2,1-3,5%
Some observations per group over the distribution in Greece:
For the record: Northern Aegean is mainly Lemnos and Lesbos, Central Aegean is Chios, Icaria, Samos and the Cyclades.
C: present in small levels in Cyprus, Asia minor and the Pelopenesos
E-M215: significantly higher in Thessaly (36%) and the Peloponessos (32-35%) with the exception of Arcadia, where it's only 22%. It's close to the mean in Asia minor (28%), Cyprus (25%), the Ionian islands (25%) and, maybe surprising, Epirus (25%). Slightly lower on the Dodecanese (23%), the central Aegean Islands (23%), Athens (18,1%) and, maybe again surprising, Greek Macedonia (16,4) and Thesaloniki (19%). It's significantly lower in the northern Aegean Islands (17,6%), the Pontic Greeks (15,6%) and Crete (9,9%). In the detailed results the split is: 16,4% V13, 1% V32, 1% V22, 4,8% Z827. It's harder to judge the distribution of the subgroups as the totals are quite small for that.
G-M201: Higher in Euboea and the Sporades (16,7%), Pontic Greeks (15,63%), the Dodecanese (13,64%), Istanbul (10%), Crete (9,9%), the Ionian Islands (9,6%) Asia Minor (8,9%), North Aegean Islands (8,9%), Thesaloniki (7,4%), Cyprus (6,9%). Lower in Thessaly (4,8%), Athens (4,6%), Greek Macedon (4,4%), central Aegean islands (2,6%), on the Peloponessos (2,4-3,6%), Central mainland (3,5%), Epirus (3,1%).
G-P15: Significantly higher on Cyprus (7%) and Euboea and the Sporades (8,3%)
I-M170: Significantly higher on Crete (11,2%) and in Thessaly (7,14%)
I1-M253: Higher on the Ionian Islands (11,6%), Greek Macedonia (4,5%), in Asia minor (3,3%) and on Crete (2,8%). The Ionian samples are mostly from Korfu, this might be related to the medieval occupation by Normans from the Sicilian kingdom.
I2-P37: Low on Cyprus (1,4%), Crete (2,8%), Athens (6,8%), the central Aegean Islands (5,1%), Pontic Greeks (0%), Dodecanese (0%), High in Arcadia (18,3%), Greek Macedon (16,4%), Thessaly (14,3%), Epirus (21,9%), the Northern Pelopenessos (21,4%), Thesaloniki (14,8%) and the north (28,57%). This seems to suggest a Slavic origin. The I2 is dominated by F3145 (L621) in the detailed samples (73%)
J1-M267: Higher in Pontic Greeks (15,6%), the Dodecanese (13,6%), central Aegean Islands (10,3%), Istanbul (10%), the central mainland (9,1%), on Cyprus (8,3%), in Arcadia (8,3%) and Crete (7%). It's low in Asia minor (0%), The peloponessos besides Arcadia (0%), Greek Macedonia (0%), Epirus (0%), Northern Aegean Islands (2,9%)
J2-M172: Low in Thessaly (2,4%), Central mainland (6,1%), Greek Macedonia (12%), Dodecanese (9,1%), Epirus (9,4%), the Ionian islands (11,5%), higher in Cyprus (23,6%), Crete (26,8%), Athens (20,5%), Arcadia (20%), Pontic Greeks (18,8%), Istanbul 20%, Thesaloniki (22,2%) and the Central Aegean islands (28,2%)
L-M20: A little highter in Asia Minor and the Pontic Greeks.
R1a-L63: Much lower in Asia minor (3,3%), Cyprus (7%), Crete (5,6%), Arcadia (6,7%), the Pontic Greeks (6,3%), Dodecanese (4,6%) and the northern Pelopenessos (0%). It's high in Greek Macedonia (16,4%), Thessaly (16,7%), Epirus (15,6%), Central mainland (15,2%), Athens (13,6%), Thesaloniki (11,1%), the central Aegean Islands (15,4%) and the Southern Pelopenessos (19,3%). Looking at this, the subclades from more recent phases, and comparing to the FTDNA R1a project, it seems likely most of this R1a is Slavic in origin. The outlier in the central Aegean is partly due to samples from Ikaria, and is probably the result of migration in the 15th-16th century. From the limited deeper phase there's 8,3% Z93, 25% from the fairly recent CTS11962, 8,3% from L784, 37,5% from CTS3402, 12,5% from CTS1211 (xCTS3402). A quick check with the FTDNA R1a project reveals that there also L1029/CTS11962 and CTS1211 represent the largest share of Greek samples. It's a bit strange that on the pelopenessos R1a seems to complement I2. The I2 in the north might be explained by later Albanian influx (there were some Albanian speaking regions in the northern Pelopenessos until recently), and than the Southern Pelopenessos samples would represent the earlier 6th-8th century Slavic settlement. However that doesn't seem to fit well with the distribution of R1b, which is also high in Albanians.
R1b-M343: low on Cyprus (9,7%), the Ionian Islands (7,7%), the central Aegean islands (10,3%), The pelopenessos (12-15%), high in the central mainland (27,3%), the Dodecanese (27,2%), Greek Macedonia (20,9%). The distribution underneath R1b: L151 is surprisingly high at 27,5%, V88 7,5%, PF7562 2,5%, CTS7822 37,5%, M269 (xPF7562 xL151, xCTS7822) 22,5%. It appears the non-L151 R1b is especially present in Greek Macedonia, Central mainland, Thessaly and Thesaloniki. The rest is a mixed picture. The L151 is very diverse, which might suggest it has a rather late date (medieval from the time of the crusades/Venetians?)
T-M70: higher on Cyprus (5,6%), Crete (5,6%), Asia Minor (5,6%), the Ionian islands (5,8%), Epirus (9,4%)
I also compared the results to some other studies about Greece with a regional breakdown:
1. Voskarides et al (2016) has details on Cyprus. The results are very much in line with Genographic, with one big exception: J2 is 33,4% in Voskarides and 23,6% in Genographic. E-M215, J1 and R1a are slightly higher in Genographic, T1 is at 5,6% in Genographic but absent is Voskarides. None of it has any effects on the above conclusions. Intersting is the E-M215 breakdown: only 7% is V13.
2.The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily, Tofanelli et al., 2015. This study has info on two Greek regions: Euboea (n=93) and Corinthia (n=104). Neither of them coincide well with one of the regions I used (and the numbers for Corinthia and euboea alone are to small to be relevant). Looking at E-M215 the Euboea results are lower and match those for Athens and the central and northern Aegean Islands, while Corinth is closer to Thessaly and the Peloponessos. Both are very low on G-M201, but G-P15 is very high in Euboea, the only comparable region is Cyprus. From the I-group I2-M223 is high on Euboa, this seems to be the case also in Genographic for this region and Attica (although samples are limited). The study also tests I2-M423, and the closest proxy in the genographic project is I-P37. As can be expected (given the Slavic origin that was presumed) levels are very low in Euboea and moderately high in Corinth. J1 is low in both, J2 is far higher in Euboea than any other region of Greece, and normal in Corinth. Levels of R1a are surprisingly high in both. Looking at E-M215 V13 is very dominant.
3. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean, King et.al, 2011. Confirms some Genographic observations like the high levels of V13 in Thessaly and the higher level of G in Asia minor. Phokaia seems to match Attica and Euboea for I-M223. I-M253 is surprisingly high in Asia minor (that was also seen in the Genographic samples, to a lesser extent). Also conclusions for I-P37 seem to be confirmed. Remarkable are the high levels of R1b in Asia minor, in contrast with the very low value in Sesklo/Dimini (although Genographic also found low amounts in Thessaly).
4. Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects, Di Giaccomo et.al, 2003. This one is harder to compare due to the older way of designating and testing Haplogroups used in this study. Surprising in any case is the low value for DE in Larisa and Agrinion.
I also prepared a table of the remaining groups if I remove I1, I2-P37 and R1a as supposed later arrivals, so this might be closer to the 'classical' situation:
View attachment 8247
This post is probably growing too long again. I'm curious for your thoughts on this. I know there are a lot of people who here who know much more than me about this region and these haplogroups and who will be far more capable of interpreting these results.