spongetaro
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The folowing list shows borrowings or cognates between Proto IE (right) and Proto Semitic (left).
Semitic is attested since the third millenium BC in northern Mesopotamia (Akkadian) which is not far from the Proto IE homeland (around the Black sea shores).
http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/lingwen/iesem3.html
Semitic is attested since the third millenium BC in northern Mesopotamia (Akkadian) which is not far from the Proto IE homeland (around the Black sea shores).
http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/lingwen/iesem3.html
Akk. appāru ‘wild boar’ | Ger. Eber, OE eofor < *ebura-, Lat. aper, Pol. wieprz ‘boar’, Greek kápros |
Arab. ˀaḥadun, ˀwāḥidun ‘one’, ḥidatun ‘be the only one’ (the root ḥid- ~ ḥad-) |
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Arab. ˀakara ‘to plough’, Hbr. ˀikkār ‘farmer with no own land’, Akk. ikkaru, inkaru ‘(little) farmer, ploughman’ (? < Sum. engar) | Engl. acre (formerly ‘field’), Ger. Acker ‘field’ (formerly ‘meadow’), Lat. ager ‘field, ploughland’, Gr. agrós, Skr. ájra- ‘pasture; field’; usually interpreted as IE *aǵro- from the root *aǵ- ‘to drive (cattle)’ |
Arab. ˀalfun ‘thousand’, Akk. alpu ‘cattle’, Phoenician ˀ-l-p ‘ox’ | Engl. calf, Ger. Kalb < PG *kalba- (referred, probably incorrectly, to IE *gel-bh- ‘to swell’, cf. Lat. globus ‘globe’) |
Arab. ˀarḍun, Hbr. ˀereṣ ‘earth’, Akk. erṣetu | Engl. earth < *erþō, but also Gr. erā and Welsh erw ‘field’ |
Arab. ˁanzatun ‘goat’, Akk. enzu, ezzu, azzatu, ḫazzatu | the hesitation k- ~ 0- similar like in Akk. ḫ- ~ 0-:
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Arab. ˁaqrabun ‘scorpion’, Akk. aqrabu | Engl. crab, Ger. Krabbe and Krebs, Gr. kárabos ‘crab’ and skorpiós |
Ugaritic ˁ-ṯ-t-r-t ‘Ashtarte – Ishtar (goddess)’, Phoenician ˁ-š-t-r-t (hence Arab. ˁaštarūtu), Akk. ištaru < *ˁiṯtar- < *ˁičtar- |
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Arab. baˁlun ‘lord; husband; sir’, Hbr. baˁal ‘sir; god's name’ | Celtic Bel ‘god's name’, Slavic bol- ‘more’ (cf. Pol. Bolesław), Skr. balin- ‘strong, powerful’, Gr. bélteros ‘better’, Frisian pall ‘strong, hard’, Lat. dē-bilis ‘weak’ |
Hbr. barzel ‘iron’, Akk. parzillu (in other AA languages the same root denotes other metals, e.g. Egyptian b-j-ˀ ‘copper’, Chadic and Cushitic bir- ‘iron’, ‘silver’ or ‘metal’ in common) |
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Arab. burrun ‘wheat’, Hbr. bār ‘threshed grain’ |
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Akk. dunnunu ‘fortified’ |
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Arab. darkun, darakun ‘way, round’, Hbr. derek̲ ‘way’ | Pol. droga ‘way’, Russ. doróga < PS *dórga < IE *dhorHg- without convincing IE etymology |
Arab. dārun ‘house’, dūrun ‘houses’, dāˀiratun ‘circle’ | Engl. thorp, Ger. Dorf < PG *þurp-, Lat. turba ‘mob’, Gr. túrbē ‘confusion’; Engl. twirl < PG *þweril- |
Akk. dūru ‘long time’ | Lat. dūrāre ‘to endure, to persist’, skąd Ger. Dauer ‘duration’ |
Arab. d̲irāˁun ‘arm’, Hbr. zərōăˁ | Engl. steer < PG *steur- |
Akk. epūšu ‘sacrifice, offering’ | Lat. opus, D operis < *opes-is ‘work’, OE efnan ‘to make’ < *ōbjan < *ōp- ~ *op- ‘offering’, Skr. apas ‘work’ |
Akk. gadū ‘kid’, Arab. gadjun | Engl. goat, Goth. gaits, Lat. haedus (cf. also ˁanzatun above) |
Arab. gamalun, gamlun ‘camel’, Hbr. gāmāl, pl. gəmallīm, Akk. gammalu |
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Hbr. gal ‘wave; spring’ (in Chadic and Cushitic sim. ‘river, lake’) | Engl. well, Ger. Quelle ‘spring’ without IE etymology |
Arab. ġaranun ‘eagle’, Akk. urinnu, erū | Hittite ḫara, OE earn, Ger. Aar, Swedish örn, Ger. Adler < *edel-ar ‘a noble bird of pray’ < *arnu-, *arōn ‘eagle, bird of pray’, Pol. orzeł ‘eagle’ < PS *orьlъ < *orilo-, Gr. órnīs, órnīth- ‘bird’ |
Arab. ġirnīqun, ġurnūqun ‘crane’ |
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Arab. ġurābun ‘raven’, Akk. āribu, ēribu, ḫērebu ‘raven, crow’, Hbr. ˁōrēb̲ ‘raven’ |
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Arab. ḫuffun ‘paw, foot; shoe, slipper’ | Engl. hoof < PG *xuf-, Pol. kopyto ‘hoof’ with unclear -yt-, Skr. śapha < IE *ḱopH- |
Arab. ḫarīfun ‘autumn’, Akk. ḫarpu |
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Akk. ḫussu ‘reed hut’ | Engl. house < PG *xūs |
Ugar. ḥrt ‘to plough’, Hbr. ḥrš, Akad. erēšu ‘till land’ | Hitt. ḫaršawar ‘tillage, agriculture’, ḫarš- ‘to tillage without the help of an animal’ (< IE *Har-s- ?) |
Arab. kalbun ‘dog’ | Hitt. ḫuelpi ‘newborn animal’, Engl. whelp < PG *xwelp-, Welsh colwyn |
Arab. labwat-, labāt- ‘lioness’, Akk. labbu (labˀu, lābu) ‘lion’, Hbr. poet. lāb̲īˀ (together with normal ˀarjē < *ˀarwaj); Hbr. lajiš, Arab. lajṯun, lājiṯun (maybe contamination of the previous and *najṯu- > Akk. nēšu, but also Arab. nahhāsun, nahūsun, minhasun) | Pol. lew < PS lьvъ < OHG lëwo < Lat. leō, Gr. léōn, līs |
Arab. lawḥun ‘lath, board’, lawḥatun ‘shield’ | Engl. lath < OE *læþþ and lætt (from Nordic), without etymology |
Arab. lisānun ‘tongue, language’, laḥwasa ‘to lick’, Hbr. lāšōn ‘tongue, language’, lāqaq ‘to lick’ |
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Arab. malaga ‘to suck’ | Engl. milk < PG *mel(u)ka-, borrowed to Slavic (Pol. mleko), together with Old Pol. młodziwo ‘beestings, colostrum’ instead of *młoziwo from IE *melHǵ- ~ *mlaHǵ-t-, Lat. lāc, lactis, Gr. gala, galaktos, also Georgian rʒe < *mlǵe |
Akk. manū ‘to count, to measure’, Arab. manā ‘to check, to try’, Hbr. mānā(h) ‘to count’ (maybe of the root *man ‘to think’, related to Nostratic *manu ‘think’ in Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, IE) |
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Arab. muhrun ‘foal’, Akk. mūru | Engl. mare, ir. marc ‘horse’ < IE *mark-, also Mongolian moŕ ‘horse’< *mori, Korean mal < Middle Korean mằr |
Arab. nahrun ‘river’, Akk. nāru | Pol. Ner ‘name of a river’ < Nyr, nur ‘diver, loon’, zanurzać się ‘to plunge, to dive’ < IE *nuHr-, nouHr-, cf. also nora ‘burrow, den’, Lith. nérti < *nerH- ~ *norH- |
Hbr. pā(j) ‘mouth’, st.constr. pī, Akk. pū, Arab. fumun | Pol. pić ‘to drink’, Lat. bibere and pōtāre, Skr. pāti, pipati ‘he is drinking’ (IE irregular *pei-, *pō-, *pipe-, *bibe-) |
Akk. padānu ‘path’; bask. haran < *padan | Engl. path, Ger. Pfad < PG *paþ- (? from Iranian path-) |
Akk. perdu ‘horse, mule’, Hbr. pered̲ ‘mule’, and also Arab. farasun ‘horse’, Hbr. pārāš ‘equipage’; Arab. faraˀun ‘onager, wild donkey’, Akk. parû, paraḫu, Hbr. pereˀ (with related words in Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic); cf. also Syrian bardūnā ‘mule’, Arab. bird̲awn- ‘not thoroughbred horse’, Eth. bāzrā ‘mare’; cf. also Arab. barīd- ‘carrier horse’ (from Greek?) | Ger. Pferd ‘horse’ < OHG pferīd, pferifrīd < PG *parafrid-, from Lat. verēdus,*paraverēdus ‘carrier horse, huntsman's horse’ (from that also Gr. béraidos, beredos), from Gallic (Welsh gorwydd ‘horse’) |
Hbr. pered̲ ‘odd number’, Arab. fardun ‘one, the only one’ | Pol. pierwszy ‘first’, Engl. first, Gr. prõtos, Lat. prīmus; also Georgian p̣irveli, Turkish bir ‘one’, Mongolian bür ‘everyone’, Korean piroso ‘in the beginning’, Japanese hitótsu < *pitə- ‘one’, from Altaic *bi̯uri |
Akk. puluḫtu ‘fright, fear’ | Engl. fright < fryhta < *furxtīn, Goth. faúrhts ‘fear’ |
Arab. qadda ‘to cut’, qaṭṭa ‘to cut off’, Hbr. qāṭam ‘to cut down’ | Engl. cut, OIc. kuta, with no further etymology |
Arab. qāla ‘to speak’ |
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Arab. qāma ‘to stand up, to become’ | Engl. come, become, Goth. qiman, Skr. gámati, gácchati ‘goes’, Lat. veniō, Gr. baínō (with irregular change *m > n) < IE *gʷem- |
Akk. qarābu ‘war, battle’, Hbr. qərāb̲, maybe also Arab. qurḥatun ‘wound, injury’ | OE here ‘army’, Ger. Heer < PG *xarjaz; cf. also herald < *xariwald- |
Arab. qarjatun, qirjatun ‘housing estate, town, village’, Aram. qurəjātā, Phoenician qart ‘city, town’, Ugaritic q-r-t | Pol. gród ‘(old) city, castle’, Engl. yard, Lith. gar̃das, Skr. gr̥has ‘house’, Tocharian A kerciye |
Arab. qarnun ‘horn’ (also ‘vertex’, not related to qarana ‘to bind, to tie’) |
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Arab. qatala ‘to kill’, maybe also Arab. qatta ‘to tell lies’ | Engl. hate, Ger. hassen < PG *xat-; OE heaþu ‘war’, Ger. Hader ‘quarrel’ < PG *xaþ-; Gr. kḗdō ‘I worry’, Welsh cas ‘hate’, cawdd ‘anger’; maybe also Engl. kill, quell, Old Irish. at-baill ‘he is dying’ < IE *gwel- |
Arab. qaṭara ‘to drip; to cover with birch tar’, qaṭrānun ‘birch tar’, Hbr. qəṭār ‘incense’ | Ger. Ruß ‘soot’ < PG *xrōtō, probably unrelated to Engl. rot, rust < PG and IE *ru- |
Hbr. qōp ‘ape, monkey’, Egyptian kefi | ON api, Engl. ape, Germ. Affe, ORuth. opica, Skr. kapí- |
Akk. sīsū, Hbr. sūs ‘horse’ | Luwian azzuwa < IE *eḱwos ‘horse’ |
Akk. šaḫū ‘pig’ (perhaps also Egyptian šˀy) | Lat. sūs, Gr. hūs, sūs < IE *sū- ‘pig’ |
Hbr. šeb̲aˁ, šib̲ˁā ‘seven’ (m and f resp.), Akk. šiba, šibittu, Arab. sabˁun, sabˁatun < PSem *šibˁum, Egyptian *'safxaw, Shilha sa | Engl. seven, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Pol. siedem < IE *septm̥ |
Hbr. šēš, šiššā ‘six’ (m and f resp.), Arab. sittun, sittatun, Eth. seds, sedestū, Aram. šeṯ, štā, Ugaritic ṯeṯ, Old South Arab. s-d-ṯ < PSem *šidṯum; Egyptian *sar'saw, *saj'saw, Shilha sd̲is |
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Akk. šalḫu, šulḫu ‘wall’ (cf. also Egyptian swˀḥ.t ‘stronghold’) or Hbr. ṣēlāˁ, Arab. ḍilˁun ‘rib’, Eth. ṣəlle, ṣəlla ‘beam’ | Ger. Säule, OE sȳl < PG *sūlj- ‘column’ |
Arab. tajsun ‘he-goat’, Hbr. tajiš, Akk. daššu, taššu, but also Hbr. dīšōn ‘aurochs, Bison bonasus’, Akk. ditānu, didānu ‘t.s.’ | Ger. Ziege, OHG ziga ‘she-goat’ < PG *tīgō (unknown outside German), Alb. dhi < IE *dīk-, maybe related to Pol. dziki ‘wild’, Old Pol. dziwy, dziwoki, Lith. dỹkas |
Arab. tawˀamun ‘twins’ | Engl. twins < IE *du- ‘two’ |
Arab. ṯawrun, Akk. šūru ‘bull’ |
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Arab. wajnun, Hbr. jajin ‘wine’ | Engl. wine, Gr. (w)oĩnos, Lat. vīnum; Hitt. wijanaš, cf. also Georgian γvino |
Arab. waqā ‘to preserve, to defend’ | Engl. wake, watch, wait < PG *wak-, *waxt-, Lat. vegere ‘to be active’, Skr. vāja ‘strength, speed’ |
Arab. warada ‘to come’, wardijānun ‘guardian’ | Engl. guard < Old French garder < Frankish warden |
Akk. zību ‘sacrifice, offering’ | OE tiber ‘sacrifice, offering’; Ger. Ungeziefer ‘vermin’ |