You can't argue the 10,000 year continuity of Saami culture in Scandinavia and Finland.
Unlikely. Within of not less than 7000 years ago much of Central and Northern Sweden was virtually uninhabitable. The ice age ended up between 11000 years ago in Northern Europe, however, its delegation process was slow in Scandinavia and even adding, Sweden was partly submerged until a 6000-7000 years ago.
The Ancylus lake
The Littorina Sea (also Litorina Sea) is a geological brackish-water stage of the Baltic Sea, which existed around 7500–4000 BP and followed the Mastogloia Sea, transitional stage of the Ancylus Lake.
^^
That's why in parts, the conclusion of the study sounds within, and reasonable to a certain extent.
The old (stone age) and prehistoric Mesolithic population of Scandinavia was very small. I disagree of conclusion of total lack of continuity, since it used too few samples and human remains, nevertheless it seems undeniably that the ancient pre-historic people of Scandinavia were very irrelevant in numbers, given also all of desfavorable condition of survival for a small pre-historic hunter gather people to 7000-8000 years ago, the boreal latitudes did not allow many of them to exist simultaneously at any time, so it is not too improbable that an almost population drift, if not a total drift, happened between the Mesolithic and Neolithic.
From the study:
"By 6,700 years before present (BP) the Neolithization process had influenced most of northern Europe. However, Scandinavia (including Denmark) was still occupied by highly mobile hunter-gatherer groups. Although the hunter-gatherers of Denmark and southern Sweden adopted pottery early on, the Neolithization first took real shape with the appearance of the Funnel Beaker Cultural complex (FBC, also known as the Trichterbecher Kultur [TRB]) some 6,000 years BP (the oldest evidence possible dating back some 6,200 years BP). At this time domestic cattle and sheep, cereal cultivation, and the characteristic TRB pottery were introduced into most of Denmark and southern parts of Sweden. " ( Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Malmström et al. Current Biology 2009)
"One of these last hunter-gatherer complexes was the Pitted Ware culture (PWC), which can be identified by its single-inhumation graves distributed over the coastal areas of Sweden and the Baltic Sea islands that lie closest to the Swedish coast. Intriguingly, the PWC first appears in the archaeological record of Scandinavia after the arrival of the TRB (some 5,300 years BP) and existed in parallel with farmers for more than a millennium before vanishing about 4,000 years BP" ( Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians. Malmström et al. Current Biology 2009)
TRB sw. "trattbärarkulturen"
PWC sw. "gropkeramiska kulturen"
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209016947
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There's no contradiction. An earlier Nc1c Saami like culture was there first.
Also it doesn’t make sense. The N1c1 entered milenia later in Scandinavia, and after the I1 and Rb1 also. The oldest N1c1 clade in Sweden has around 3500 years according to this study.
http://www.oocities.org/grpadm/Karlsson_2006.pdf
Also, even much of the N1c1 in Saamis comes from the Finns (ancient Kvens).
The older male lineage in Scandinavia is the remain yDNA Q (possibly a very ancient pre-historic 'northern eastern' hunter gather haplogroup, in Scandinavia, it seems to be dated of Maglemosian culture, (all of it, before major expansions from Central and Western Europe (and late P.I.E) that caused a significant population replacements across Northern and Northeastern Europe).
The Maglemosian culture
A culture called the Maglemosian culture lived in Denmark and southern Sweden, and north of them, in Norway and along the coast of western Sweden, the Fosna-Hensbacka culture, who lived mostly along the shores of the thriving forests. Utilizing fire, boats and stone tools enabled these Stone Age inhabitants to survive life in northern Europe.
The northern hunter/gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs, moving south during the winters, moving north again during the summers. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practiced throughout other regions in the far north – areas including modern Finland, Russia, and across the Bering Strait into the northernmost strip of North America (comprising portions of today's Alaska and Canada).
The Fosna/Hensbacka (ca.8300 BC - 7300 BC),or (12000 cal.BP-10500 cal.BP), were two very similar Late Palaeolithic/early Mesolithic cultures in Scandinavia, and are often subsumed under the name Fosna-Hensbacka culture. This complex includes the Komsa culture that, notwithstanding different types of tools, is also considered to be a part of the Fosna culture group. The main difference is that the Fosna/Komsa culture was distributed along the coast of southern Norway, whereas the Hensbacka culture had a more eastern distribution along the coast of western Sweden; primarily in central Bohuslän to the north of Göteborg.
Appearing next:
The Kongemose culture
During the 6th millennium BCE, southern Scandinavia was clad in lush forests of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. In these forests roamed animals such as aurochs, wisent, moose and red deer. Now, tribes that we call the Kongemose culture lived off these animals. Like their predecessors, they also hunted seals and fished in the rich waters.
North of the Kongemose people, lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden, called the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. These cultures still hunted, in the end of the 6th millennium BCE when the Kongemose culture was replaced by the Ertebølle culture in the south.
Ertebølle culture
Soon, they too started to cultivate the land and, ca 4000 BCE, they became part of the megalithic Funnelbeaker culture. During the 4th millennium BCE, these Funnelbeaker tribes expanded into Sweden up to Uppland.
It is the period of entry of I1 into the region coming from Jutland and Northern Germany. Hence a part of the criticism in the study, it leaves obscure the origin of the I1 in Scandinavia, the study does not explain the correlation of populational drift or imply it and the fact it exists here to almost 5000 years.
Regarding the I1 as I said a few posts ago it was already present here for between 4500-5000 years ago in southern Sweden during the
Ertebølle culture, ca 5300 BC-3950 BC, (name of a small remain neolithic ‘hunter-gatherer’ and fisher culture-making, pottery dating to the end of the Mesolithic to early of Neolithic period. The culture was concentrated in Southern Scandinavia, but genetically linked to strongly related cultures in Northern Germany and the Northern Netherlands. It is named after the type site, a location in the small village of Ertebølle on Limfjorden in Danish Jutland). And that's not meant in just at the entrance of the I1 in Sweden but also of Rb1 (giving rise two milenia later to a following Megalitic culture into the area).
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There is no Mesolithic or Neolithic Ydna recorded from the PWC. (PWC was a Neolithic pottery using hunter gatherer culture).
I don't agree with everything posted in that study,
the argument isn't particularly strong yet, considering the small samples of mtDNA and lack of Y-DNA haplogroup (though it is certain that the
yDNA Q is the oldest) and a poor genome-wide SNP data.
Nevertheless I admit the study make sense when it claims that the ancient Scandinavian pre-historic (stone age) population was too small to have given continuity in the current Scandinavian genepool, including the Saamis. If there is continuity, it is too small to make claims. Any modern Scandinavian individual, Swedish, or Norwegian or Saami could be carrying a 'remain' lost part of those 'ancient' genes, not specifically a group or whatever it is.
On the Saamis, their origin is complex, but it is already known they have a link to Volga-Urals through mtdna and genome-wide data. These two phenomenoms must be linked as Saami Y-dna pool is not really that much different from the Finnish one. Should remember that the modern Saamis are a result of two ancient Saamic populations. They are a 'hybrid' group with eastern (Volga-Uralic) and western (neolithic Scandinavians) origin, and also a product of a blottneck populational effect in Northern areas.
