Nobody1
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Pat Southern - The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History (2006) [Oxford Uni. Press]
The two elements of the early Republican Roman army were first, the legions and the citizen cavalry, made up of homogeneous Romans from the city of Rome, and second, the non-Roman troops comprising the Latin and Italian allies. The latter were perhaps allowed to fight with their own weapons and equipment at first, but eventually their organization was brought into line with the Roman legions......which earned them the title Alae Sociorum, literally meaning “the wings of the allies”......For a long time Rome resisted granting full citizenship to the Latins and Italians, but after the Social War of 91 to 87 BC, all the inhabitants of Italy became Roman citizens and therefore eligible for service in the legions......The legions were theoretically recruited from Roman citizens, with a predominance of Italians in the early Imperial legions, superseded by a rising number of provincial Roman citizens toward the end of the first century.
Polybius - Battle of Telamon 225 BC / Roman Rep. army
The cavalry of the Sabines and Etruscans, who had come to the temporary assistance of Rome..... The military contingent of the Umbrians and Sarsinates inhabiting the Apennines amounted to about twenty thousand, and with these were twenty thousand Veneti and Cenomani;
Plutarch - Battle of Aquae Sextiae 102 BC / Roman Rep. army
to encourage one another or to terrify the Romans by this announcement. The Ligurians, who were the first of the Italic people to go down to battle with them;
The majority of the recorded centurions of the early Imperial-age (Legio X Fratensis) were also largely of Itlaic or veteran-Italic origin; Most of the Legions of Caesar and Octavian were Italic or veteran-Italic levied as well;
Auxiliaries were recruited from the local (whatever province) populous;
Cicero - Philippics III-IX
3.27. firmissimum ... exercitum comparavit:
Octavian conducted levies in Etruria and raised troops from Caesar's veterans in Campania, particularly in the towns of Capua, Calatia and Casilinum;
The largest Italic veteran colony was ITALICA in Baetica;
Now if the Romans are a source for Y-DNA Hg's than why is the amount of R1b-U152, J2a, E-V13 or G2a so extremely low in modern day Andalusia or that part of Andalusia?
At the end of the Empire commanders like Stilicho [Vandal/Italic] or Aetius [Scythian/Italic]
- best represent the shift that occurred;
The two elements of the early Republican Roman army were first, the legions and the citizen cavalry, made up of homogeneous Romans from the city of Rome, and second, the non-Roman troops comprising the Latin and Italian allies. The latter were perhaps allowed to fight with their own weapons and equipment at first, but eventually their organization was brought into line with the Roman legions......which earned them the title Alae Sociorum, literally meaning “the wings of the allies”......For a long time Rome resisted granting full citizenship to the Latins and Italians, but after the Social War of 91 to 87 BC, all the inhabitants of Italy became Roman citizens and therefore eligible for service in the legions......The legions were theoretically recruited from Roman citizens, with a predominance of Italians in the early Imperial legions, superseded by a rising number of provincial Roman citizens toward the end of the first century.
Polybius - Battle of Telamon 225 BC / Roman Rep. army
The cavalry of the Sabines and Etruscans, who had come to the temporary assistance of Rome..... The military contingent of the Umbrians and Sarsinates inhabiting the Apennines amounted to about twenty thousand, and with these were twenty thousand Veneti and Cenomani;
Plutarch - Battle of Aquae Sextiae 102 BC / Roman Rep. army
to encourage one another or to terrify the Romans by this announcement. The Ligurians, who were the first of the Italic people to go down to battle with them;
The majority of the recorded centurions of the early Imperial-age (Legio X Fratensis) were also largely of Itlaic or veteran-Italic origin; Most of the Legions of Caesar and Octavian were Italic or veteran-Italic levied as well;
Auxiliaries were recruited from the local (whatever province) populous;
Cicero - Philippics III-IX
3.27. firmissimum ... exercitum comparavit:
Octavian conducted levies in Etruria and raised troops from Caesar's veterans in Campania, particularly in the towns of Capua, Calatia and Casilinum;
The largest Italic veteran colony was ITALICA in Baetica;
Now if the Romans are a source for Y-DNA Hg's than why is the amount of R1b-U152, J2a, E-V13 or G2a so extremely low in modern day Andalusia or that part of Andalusia?
At the end of the Empire commanders like Stilicho [Vandal/Italic] or Aetius [Scythian/Italic]
- best represent the shift that occurred;