Spread of Christianity

Initially (within the Roman Empire) Christianity was spreading by migrations of Early Christians.

But later conversions became the way how Christianity continued to spread.
 
I suppose European Crusades also influenced genetics. At least in some places. East Prussia comes to my mind. Wendish Crusade too?
 
I suppose European Crusades also influenced genetics. At least in some places. East Prussia comes to my mind. Wendish Crusade too?

There's also the Albigensian Crusade where hundreds of thousands of southern French people (primarily in the Languedoc) were slaughtered by northern French forces under Simon de Montfort. You can get the scale of the atrocities committed from just this one quote by a leader of the French forces when asked how they could tell the Cathars from orthodox Catholics . "Kill them all; God will know his own." Lovely, yes?

For anyone who isn't familiar with them.

http://www.cathar.info/cathar_wars.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade

This particular version of Gnosticism originated in Bulgaria/Dalmatia, but spread through conversion to a point where the majority of the people in these areas were Cathars. I've always had a certain weakness for Gnosticism; it contains a much simpler and more logical explanation for the presence of evil in the world than Orthodox Christianity. However, this view, in which sexuality and procreation are discouraged, and the celibate is set up as the standard, is exceedingly strange, in my opinion. They were dooming themselves to extinction.

This Wiki article on Gnosticism isn't bad:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism

I don't know how we'd figure out the genetic effect. There's evidence that the elite changed, but I don't know how far down the pyramid the genetic change might have gone. The southern French are still different from the northern French, but were they even more different before these events?
 
There's also the Albigensian Crusade where hundreds of thousands of southern French people (primarily in the Languedoc) were slaughtered by northern French forces under Simon de Montfort. You can get the scale of the atrocities committed from just this one quote by a leader of the French forces when asked how they could tell the Cathars from orthodox Catholics . "Kill them all; God will know his own." Lovely, yes?

For anyone who isn't familiar with them.

http://www.cathar.info/cathar_wars.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade

This particular version of Gnosticism originated in Bulgaria/Dalmatia, but spread through conversion to a point where the majority of the people in these areas were Cathars. I've always had a certain weakness for Gnosticism; it contains a much simpler and more logical explanation for the presence of evil in the world than Orthodox Christianity. However, this view, in which sexuality and procreation are discouraged, and the celibate is set up as the standard, is exceedingly strange, in my opinion. They were dooming themselves to extinction.

This Wiki article on Gnosticism isn't bad:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism

I don't know how we'd figure out the genetic effect. There's evidence that the elite changed, but I don't know how far down the pyramid the genetic change might have gone. The southern French are still different from the northern French, but were they even more different before these events?
I agree with you,but majority from what we know today about the Bogomils and Cathars is coming from their opponents the Orthodox and Catholic church,all their work and books are being destroyed,so i doesn't believe in everything what is written about them,i like some of their teaching they had good questions about the corruption in the church and the state,the "heresy" of Bogomilism and Catharism was spreading fast especialy among simple people that is telling me a lot,also it is noted among nobility,Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria who was staunch opponent of Constantinople(Orthodoxy) has inscriptions "i fight for the sins of my people to save them from the Satan who is coming from Constantinople" so it depends to whom we want to believe?
Anyway i think that this heresies were never destroyed they were later or at least influenced the reformation in Europe,American Methodist historian Linus Broket, remembered for his voluminous research published in 1879 a small book with the provocative title “The Bogomils of Bulgaria and Bosnia ( The Early Protestants of the East: An Atempt to Restore Some Lost Leaves of Protestant History).Here is some paper of Georgi Vasilev about it http://sites.utoronto.ca/tsq/38/tsq38_vasilev.pdf
What i found interesting is that Martin Luther belong to haplogroup I2a din-north which is the most common in today region of R. Macedonia and Bulgaria where the heresy of Bogomilism has it's roots.
 
And then there was some prosecution of Greek (Hellenic) pagans too. According to Yetos (I think he posted this), large part of Hellenic population got destroyed.

But in the big picture, when reading on different "Christianization of..." they were rather peaceful "king baptized, country followed" events. Probably the biggest cultural change with no (or let's say, not that big in most territories) genetic impact in man history? I think Islam for example (as mentioned by another user Alan) probably did spread with genes.
 
And then there was some prosecution of Greek (Hellenic) pagans too. According to Yetos (I think he posted this), large part of Hellenic population got destroyed.

But in the big picture, when reading on different "Christianization of..." they were rather peaceful "king baptized, country followed" events. Probably the biggest cultural change with no (or let's say, not that big in most territories) genetic impact in man history? I think Islam for example (as mentioned by another user Alan) probably did spread with genes.

I think that if we were going to generalize, we could say that the spread of Christianity was more "peaceful" than that of Islam. However individual Christians may have acted against members of other religions or schismatics within their own religion, there is nothing in the texts or teachings of Christianity advising Christians to spread Christianity through fire and the sword.

As to whether the spread of Islam was mainly through genes, I think the jury is still out, but I would doubt it. It certainly spread by conquest, but how much the genetics of the subject nations changed is still questionable in my mind and probably varies by area. I don't think there was any significant effect on genetics in the Balkans, for example.

In the Near East, the "People of the Book" were presented with two choices: crippling taxes and exclusion from all sources of power or conversion. For the pagans, the choice was even more stark: death or conversion. A lot chose conversion. That doesn't mean that there wasn't movement of actual Arabian tribes into both North Africa and the Levant and the more northern Near East. The difficulty lies in teasing out the differences between groups who weren't diametrically different genetically. It's easier in North Africa, I think.

Alan can no doubt provide more and better information than I can, but I remember reading that there is some controversy even as to the descent of some Iranian families claiming descent from Mohammed.

It's frustrating that our Near Eastern descent Romano Briton wasn't found in context in the Near East. It'll only be when we have a pre-Arab conquest Levantine, for example, versus a post-Arab conquest Levantine that we'll know how much genetic change they actually brought with them.

For example, did the SSA really go up, did East Mediterranean decrease in certain areas etc.

Ed. I meant to respond to one of your posts upthread. Genetics can also be affected by religion when there is a persecution (or even just discrimination) of certain sects. There will be decreased diversity compared to the surrounding population. That's what happened with the Waldensians of Piemonte, the Amish in America etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians#Italy
 
Gnosticism happens when geeks run a religion. ;)

Oh my goodness, LeBrok, geeks or Greeks? :)

Well, if we're going to go there (into stereotypes, I mean), this is one of my favorites. :

"In Heaven
The mechanics are German
The chefs are French
The police are British
The lovers are Italian
And everything is organized by the Swiss.
In Hell…

The mechanics are French
The police are German
The chefs are British
The lovers are Swiss
And everything is organized by the Italians."

It's a calumny of course: in heaven we'd be both the lovers and the chefs!
 
As to whether the spread of Islam was mainly through genes, I think the jury is still out, but I would doubt it. It certainly spread by conquest, but how much the genetics of the subject nations changed is still questionable in my mind and probably varies by area. I don't think there was any significant effect on genetics in the Balkans, for example.

I think the spread of haplogroup J1 in Northern Africa is due to Islam.
Over 90 % of Northern Africans are either Berbers E-M81 or Arab (?) J1


Haplogroup-E-M81.gif


Haplogroup-J1.gif


I'm not sure though, is this J1 in Northern Africa all or almost all Arab J1-P58 or are there also other significant subclades of J1 in North Africa?

Acording to YFull the E-M81 Berbers spread just 2.1 ka http://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M81/

The Arabs came later than the Berbers. That is why the Arabs (J1) live mainly in the cities and the Berbers live more in remote areas : the Berbers got extinct in the cities or were expelled to remote areas by the Arabs. This must have happened during the spread of Islam.

You can check both maps : where there is much J1 there is less E-M81 and vice versa.
 
If this collection of data from various studies is to be believed it's very skewed to Arab J1-58. It's the same in West Asia, except for the Aramaens and the Assyrians, where non J1-58 actually predominates.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267

This would suggest migration into the Levant. There is documented Arab tribal migration into the area as well as into Iraq.

Of course, we'd also have to take a look at the proportions of J2 versus J1 in the Near East. How much total J1 is in Anatolia and Iran, for example, compared to Jordan?

Did the Arab wave start to peter out north of Syria?

Even if, based on yDna, we can see definite signs of migration with the Arab conquest, how much autosomal change did it bring? I think the dominance of J1 even in Arabia is fairly recent, and a product of their patriarchal tribal structure.

In line with the thread topic we can see how religion plays a part in genetics. The Assyrians, Aramaens, etc. probably better preserve the pre-Islamic genetic signature of the Middle East.
 
Oh my goodness, LeBrok, geeks or Greeks? :)

Well, if we're going to go there (into stereotypes, I mean), this is one of my favorites. :

"In Heaven
The mechanics are German
The chefs are French
The police are British
The lovers are Italian
And everything is organized by the Swiss.
In Hell…

The mechanics are French
The police are German
The chefs are British
The lovers are Swiss
And everything is organized by the Italians."

It's a calumny of course: in heaven we'd be both the lovers and the chefs!
Definitely not a misprint. I meant geeks.
 
What was the effect (if any) of spread of Christianity on European genes?

I have found an interesting study about the effect of religion in general on human evolution:

"Religion, fertility and genes: a dual inheritance model":

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/01/07/rspb.2010.2504.full

For example this excerpt is interesting:

There is no direct evidence regarding the speed with which religion affects genetic evolution. However, there is evidence that the rise of complex human culture in general has greatly accelerated the pace of genetic evolution, by altering the frequency of long-standing genes in the global population and by spreading or preserving new mutations [14–19].

For religion to influence genetic evolution it must convey some kind of selective advantage. Such an effect might come about through social bonding via ritual, formation of group identity through myth, honest signalling through participation in costly ceremonies and adherence to social norms through love or fear of God [20–24]. In most cases, religious individuals gain personal advantage from their activities or beliefs. However, religion may also induce behaviour that has a fitness cost to the individual but is beneficial to the group. If group selection is strong, this should favour the emergence of a type of religion that induces adherence to pro-social norms, which in turn should favour the evolution of genes that predispose individuals towards this type of religion [25–27].

Another channel through which religion might influence genetic evolution is via its impact on fertility. The link between religion and fertility has been extensively discussed by demographers, but, as Bouchard [28] notes, the potential genetic implications of this link have been largely ignored by evolutionary theorists.

Also Razib Khan mentions this study in his article about Amish fertility:

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2011/01/the-inevitable-rise-of-amish-machines/#.VqgaheJFPgA

More about Amish fertility rates (on average 6.2 children per woman):

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/9/amish-enjoy-unexpected-boom-in-numbers/

http://www.mmo-champion.com/threads/859411-Amish-population-growing-even-faster-than-thought

http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/5241065/1/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish#Population

Amish population growth in 1900-2015 and prediction for 2016-2250:

1900: 4,800
1910: 8,550
1920: 12,450
1930: 16,500
1940: 23,100
1950: 30,300
1960: 40,350
1970: 55,050
1980: 85,350
1990: 134,700
2000: 166,000
2010: 250,000
2015: 300,000
==========
2024: 500,000
2038: 1,000,000
2052: 2,000,000
2066: 4,000,000
2080: 8,000,000
2094: 16,000,000
2108: 32,000,000
2122: 64,000,000
2136: 128,000,000
2150: 256,000,000
(...)
2250: 1,024,000,000

=============================

Haredim have very similar fertility rates as do Amish (on average ca. 6 children per woman):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism#Population
 
I have found an interesting study about the effect of religion in general on human evolution:

For religion to influence genetic evolution it must convey some kind of selective advantage. Such an effect might come about through social bonding via ritual, formation of group identity through myth, honest signalling through participation in costly ceremonies and adherence to social norms through love or fear of God [20–24]. In most cases, religious individuals gain personal advantage from their activities or beliefs. However, religion may also induce behaviour that has a fitness cost to the individual but is beneficial to the group. If group selection is strong, this should favour the emergence of a type of religion that induces adherence to pro-social norms, which in turn should favour the evolution of genes that predispose individuals towards this type of religion [25–27].
Exactly what I figured too.
 
Another point not to be overlooked is the effect on groups like the Amish, and certain sects of Judaism, for that matter, of their formation and strict endogamy. The Amish have very high rates of recessive disease. The worst I've personally ever seen.

See:
http://www.biochemgenetics.ca/plainpeople/view.ph

Other genetic correlations are more difficult to quantify. Almost 90% of teens choose to be baptized and remain within the church. I've wondered how much of that stems from the fact that the original group attracted to this religion must have been rather conformist and authoritarian genetically, an inclination reinforced by constant intermarriage, versus the natural reluctance to cut off all ties with family and friends and community when one lives such an isolated and circumscribed life, as any deviation from the norms by an adult results in "shunning" or outright excommunication and banishment. (They also rather intelligently permit a certain amount of deviation in teens through a period they call the " rumspringa.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish

The same applies to their pacifism. They hold to it despite any provocation, as they do to a generous and forgiving stance in response to any violence inflicted on them. There is widespread admiration, which I share, for their behavior in these instances, as when they responded with forgiveness and prayer to a mass shooting by some deranged man who attacked the children in one of their schools. Again, I wonder how much this sort of response is due to genetic predisposition versus indoctrination. I would think that one reinforces the other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nickel_Mines_School_shooting#Amish_community_response

I do think one thing said on another thread about the fact that strict adherence to a traditional religion which promotes having large families means that the families will be poor and a burden to the state is disproved by the Amish, and by the Orthodox sects of Judaism for that matter. The Amish are remarkably prosperous. All of that free labor from their children, and an admirable work ethic, plus the pooling of community resources means that their farms, even without the use of modern machines, are very profitable. They are so profitable that they are able to accumulate enough money that they can buy farms for all these young men even though it means scattering communities far and wide in order to have access to cheaper land.

For what it's worth, I have a bit of experience with them, and not just through tourism in their area, although I did that too. I was and am rather fascinated by the simplicity of their way of life, and I admire, as I said, their adherence to the best of the Christian message, to the extent that I spent a week with my children in a type of agriturismo run by Mennonites (a less strict group) where you live their life, performing the chores etc. I thought it would be a salutary experience for my children. It wasn't one of my better ideas, in their opinion. :) I personally had no difficulty at all with the physical aspects, and quite enjoyed that part of it. What was absolutely unattractive was the total conformism, and most of all, the complete and utter lack of an intellectual life. That also might have a genetic source, in my opinion. This wasn't a sect formed by schismatic intellectuals.

Nor is everything sweetness and light in their family lives, despite all this professed emphasis on mercy and love. A great-uncle of mine was a refugee in Switzerland during the war and worked on one of their farms. He said the authoritarian attitude of the father as the head of the household, and what he felt was the sometimes outright brutality toward his wife and children was terrible. They certainly don't spare the rod. He forged a bond with the eldest son who bore the brunt of the physical punishment, to the point that this boy decades later, then a man, came to visit my relative when he in turn emigrated to the New World to join one of the American Amish communities. Granted that this family may not have been representative, it's informative that even this wasn't enough to make him leave the sect.
 
Another point not to be overlooked is the effect on groups like the Amish, and certain sects of Judaism, for that matter, of their formation and strict endogamy. The Amish have very high rates of recessive disease. The worst I've personally ever seen.

See:
http://www.biochemgenetics.ca/plainpeople/view.ph

Other genetic correlations are more difficult to quantify. Almost 90% of teens choose to be baptized and remain within the church. I've wondered how much of that stems from the fact that the original group attracted to this religion must have been rather conformist and authoritarian genetically, an inclination reinforced by constant intermarriage, versus the natural reluctance to cut off all ties with family and friends and community when one lives such an isolated and circumscribed life, as any deviation from the norms by an adult results in "shunning" or outright excommunication and banishment. (They also rather intelligently permit a certain amount of deviation in teens through a period they call the " rumspringa.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish

The same applies to their pacifism. They hold to it despite any provocation, as they do to a generous and forgiving stance in response to any violence inflicted on them. There is widespread admiration, which I share, for their behavior in these instances, as when they responded with forgiveness and prayer to a mass shooting by some deranged man who attacked the children in one of their schools. Again, I wonder how much this sort of response is due to genetic predisposition versus indoctrination. I would think that one reinforces the other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nickel_Mines_School_shooting#Amish_community_response

I do think one thing said on another thread about the fact that strict adherence to a traditional religion which promotes having large families means that the families will be poor and a burden to the state is disproved by the Amish, and by the Orthodox sects of Judaism for that matter. The Amish are remarkably prosperous. All of that free labor from their children, and an admirable work ethic, plus the pooling of community resources means that their farms, even without the use of modern machines, are very profitable. They are so profitable that they are able to accumulate enough money that they can buy farms for all these young men even though it means scattering communities far and wide in order to have access to cheaper land.

For what it's worth, I have a bit of experience with them, and not just through tourism in their area, although I did that too. I was and am rather fascinated by the simplicity of their way of life, and I admire, as I said, their adherence to the best of the Christian message, to the extent that I spent a week with my children in a type of agriturismo run by Mennonites (a less strict group) where you live their life, performing the chores etc. I thought it would be a salutary experience for my children. It wasn't one of my better ideas, in their opinion. :) I personally had no difficulty at all with the physical aspects, and quite enjoyed that part of it. What was absolutely unattractive was the total conformism, and most of all, the complete and utter lack of an intellectual life. That also might have a genetic source, in my opinion. This wasn't a sect formed by schismatic intellectuals.

Nor is everything sweetness and light in their family lives, despite all this professed emphasis on mercy and love. A great-uncle of mine was a refugee in Switzerland during the war and worked on one of their farms. He said the authoritarian attitude of the father as the head of the household, and what he felt was the sometimes outright brutality toward his wife and children was terrible. They certainly don't spare the rod. He forged a bond with the eldest son who bore the brunt of the physical punishment, to the point that this boy decades later, then a man, came to visit my relative when he in turn emigrated to the New World to join one of the American Amish communities. Granted that this family may not have been representative, it's informative that even this wasn't enough to make him leave the sect.
They flourish thanks to liberty and tolerance of modern societies. In the past they would have been persecuted, insulated, removed or killed, as usually this happened to people of different culture and religion in.
 

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