spongetaro
29-12-11, 14:21
The folowing list shows borrowings or cognates between Proto IE (right) and Proto Semitic (left).
Semitic is attested since the third millenium BC in northern Mesopotamia (Akkadian) which is not far from the Proto IE homeland (around the Black sea shores).
http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/lingwen/iesem3.html
Akk. appāru ‘wild boar’
Ger. Eber, OE eofor < *ebura-, Lat. aper, Pol. wieprz ‘boar’, Greek kápros
Arab. ˀaḥadun, ˀwāḥidun ‘one’, ḥidatun ‘be the only one’ (the root ḥid- ~ ḥad-)
Pol. jeden ‘one’ < IE *ed-oinos;
Pol. dziewięć, Gr. ennéa < IE *ed-newm̥ ‘nine’
Arab. ˀakara ‘to plough’, Hbr. ˀikkār ‘farmer with no own land’, Akk. ikkaru, inkaru ‘(little) farmer, ploughman’ (? < Sum. engar)
Engl. acre (formerly ‘field’), Ger. Acker ‘field’ (formerly ‘meadow’), Lat. ager ‘field, ploughland’, Gr. agrós, Skr. ájra- ‘pasture; field’; usually interpreted as IE *aǵro- from the root *aǵ- ‘to drive (cattle)’
Arab. ˀalfun ‘thousand’, Akk. alpu ‘cattle’, Phoenician ˀ-l-p ‘ox’
Engl. calf, Ger. Kalb < PG *kalba- (referred, probably incorrectly, to IE *gel-bh- ‘to swell’, cf. Lat. globus ‘globe’)
Arab. ˀarḍun, Hbr. ˀereṣ ‘earth’, Akk. erṣetu
Engl. earth < *erþō, but also Gr. erā and Welsh erw ‘field’
Arab. ˁanzatun ‘goat’, Akk. enzu, ezzu, azzatu, ḫazzatu
the hesitation k- ~ 0- similar like in Akk. ḫ- ~ 0-:
Pol. koza < IE *koǵā, Alb. keth, kedhi ‘kid’ (cf. Engl. kid), OE hǣcen (see also Tatar käǯä, Chuv. kačaga);
without k-: Skr. ajā́, Lith. ožỹs, ožkà;
Gr. aĩks, D aigós, Arm. ayc, Skr. eḍa- ‘kind of sheep’, Av. izaēna- ‘of leather’
Arab. ˁaqrabun ‘scorpion’, Akk. aqrabu
Engl. crab, Ger. Krabbe and Krebs, Gr. kárabos ‘crab’ and skorpiós
Ugaritic ˁ-ṯ-t-r-t ‘Ashtarte – Ishtar (goddess)’, Phoenician ˁ-š-t-r-t (hence Arab. ˁaštarūtu), Akk. ištaru < *ˁiṯtar- < *ˁičtar-
Gr. ástēr ‘star’, Lat. stella < *sterela, Engl. star < steorra, Ger. Stern < sterno < IE *H2ster-;
possibly Engl. iron, Ger. Eisen < *īsarna- (from Celtic)
Arab. baˁlun ‘lord; husband; sir’, Hbr. baˁal ‘sir; god's name’
Celtic Bel ‘god's name’, Slavic bol- ‘more’ (cf. Pol. Bolesław), Skr. balin- ‘strong, powerful’, Gr. bélteros ‘better’, Frisian pall ‘strong, hard’, Lat. dē-bilis ‘weak’
Hbr. barzel ‘iron’, Akk. parzillu (in other AA languages the same root denotes other metals, e.g. Egyptian b-j-ˀ ‘copper’, Chadic and Cushitic bir- ‘iron’, ‘silver’ or ‘metal’ in common)
Lat. ferrum < *fersom ~ *fersilom;
with a shift and a meaning change Pol. srebro ‘silver’ < PS *serbro, Lith. sidãbras, prus. sirablan, Engl. silver, Ger. Silber, Goth. silubr; bask. zilhar;
perhaps also Gr. sídēros ‘iron’, Dor. sídāros (cf. the Lith. form!)
Arab. burrun ‘wheat’, Hbr. bār ‘threshed grain’
Pol. perz ‘wild wheat, Triticum repens’ < pyrь, OCS pyro ‘spelt, Triticum spelta’, OE fyrs ‘wheat-grass’, Gr. pȳrós ‘wheat’, Old Lith. pūras ‘grain of wheat’;
maybe also Pol. ber, gen. bru < PS bъrъ ‘a gender of millet, Setaria sp, Panicum miliaceum or Milium effusum’
Akk. dunnunu ‘fortified’
Engl. down ‘sand-drift’ < OE dūn ‘hill’ < *dūna-, a Germanic borrowing from Celtic dunum ‘stronghold’;
the same in PG *tūnaz > Engl. town, Ger. Zaun ‘fence’
Arab. darkun, darakun ‘way, round’, Hbr. derek̲ ‘way’
Pol. droga ‘way’, Russ. doróga < PS *dórga < IE *dhorHg- without convincing IE etymology
Arab. dārun ‘house’, dūrun ‘houses’, dāˀiratun ‘circle’
Engl. thorp, Ger. Dorf < PG *þurp-, Lat. turba ‘mob’, Gr. túrbē ‘confusion’; Engl. twirl < PG *þweril-
Akk. dūru ‘long time’
Lat. dūrāre ‘to endure, to persist’, skąd Ger. Dauer ‘duration’
Arab. d̲irāˁun ‘arm’, Hbr. zərōăˁ
Engl. steer < PG *steur-
Akk. epūšu ‘sacrifice, offering’
Lat. opus, D operis < *opes-is ‘work’, OE efnan ‘to make’ < *ōbjan < *ōp- ~ *op- ‘offering’, Skr. apas ‘work’
Akk. gadū ‘kid’, Arab. gadjun
Engl. goat, Goth. gaits, Lat. haedus (cf. also ˁanzatun above)
Arab. gamalun, gamlun ‘camel’, Hbr. gāmāl, pl. gəmallīm, Akk. gammalu
Engl. camel < Lat. camelus, Gr. kamēlos ‘camel’, Russ. komolyj ‘hornless’;
Lith. kumelỹs ‘horse’, kumẽlė ‘mare’, Latv. kumē ̧ļš ‘foal’, Skr. kumārá- ‘baby, son, child’;
Lat. caballus ‘horse’, Pol. kobyła ‘mare’, OTurk. käväl, Pers. kaval ‘swift horse’;
Lat. cabō, gen. cabōnis ‘horse’, Fin. hepo ‘steed’, hevonen ‘horse’;
Pruss. camnet ‘horse’, Pol. koń < PS *kom(o)nь (cf. komonica ‘birdfoot trefoil, Lotus’) < *kamni-
Hbr. gal ‘wave; spring’ (in Chadic and Cushitic sim. ‘river, lake’)
Engl. well, Ger. Quelle ‘spring’ without IE etymology
Arab. ġaranun ‘eagle’, Akk. urinnu, erū
Hittite ḫara(n), OE earn, Ger. Aar, Swedish örn, Ger. Adler < *edel-ar ‘a noble bird of pray’ < *arnu-, *arōn ‘eagle, bird of pray’, Pol. orzeł ‘eagle’ < PS *orьlъ < *orilo-, Gr. órnīs, órnīth- ‘bird’
Arab. ġirnīqun, ġurnūqun ‘crane’
Engl. crane, Gr. géranos < IE *gerH-no-;
Pol. żuraw < *žeravjь, Lith. gérvė, Lat. grūs < *gerH-w-
Arab. ġurābun ‘raven’, Akk. āribu, ēribu, ḫērebu ‘raven, crow’, Hbr. ˁōrēb̲ ‘raven’
Engl. crow (echoic?);
raven < PG *xrabnaz, Lat. corvus, Gr. kóraks
Arab. ḫuffun ‘paw, foot; shoe, slipper’
Engl. hoof < PG *xuf-, Pol. kopyto ‘hoof’ with unclear -yt-, Skr. śapha < IE *ḱopH-
Arab. ḫarīfun ‘autumn’, Akk. ḫarpu
Engl. harvest, Ger. Herbst ‘autumn’ < PG *xarbista < IE *karp- with untypical -a-;
also Lat. carpere ‘to pick fruit’, Gr. karpós ‘fruit’;
unclear reference to Engl. harp, Ger. Harfe < PG *xarpō
Akk. ḫussu ‘reed hut’
Engl. house < PG *xūs
Ugar. ḥrt ‘to plough’, Hbr. ḥrš, Akad. erēšu ‘till land’
Hitt. ḫaršawar ‘tillage, agriculture’, ḫarš- ‘to tillage without the help of an animal’ (< IE *Har-s- ?)
Arab. kalbun ‘dog’
Hitt. ḫuelpi ‘newborn animal’, Engl. whelp < PG *xwelp-, Welsh colwyn
Arab. labwat-, labāt- ‘lioness’, Akk. labbu (labˀu, lābu) ‘lion’, Hbr. poet. lāb̲īˀ (together with normal ˀarjē < *ˀarwaj); Hbr. lajiš, Arab. lajṯun, lājiṯun (maybe contamination of the previous and *najṯu- > Akk. nēšu, but also Arab. nahhāsun, nahūsun, minhasun)
Pol. lew < PS lьvъ < OHG lëwo < Lat. leō, Gr. léōn, līs
Arab. lawḥun ‘lath, board’, lawḥatun ‘shield’
Engl. lath < OE *læþþ and lætt (from Nordic), without etymology
Arab. lisānun ‘tongue, language’, laḥwasa ‘to lick’, Hbr. lāšōn ‘tongue, language’, lāqaq ‘to lick’
Engl. tongue, Goth. tungo, Lat. lingua, Old Lat. dingua, Skr. juhū-, jihvā-, Avestan hizū, hizvā, Pol. język, Pruss. insuwis, Lith. liežùvis, Gr. glõtta, glõssa, glátta, maybe also Lat. gingīva ‘gum (of a tooth)’, Gr. gamphēlaí ‘muzzle, mouth’;
Pol. lizać ‘to lick’, Lith. liẽžti, Skr. lḗḍhi, líhati, Gr. leíkhō, Lat. lingō, Engl. lick
Arab. malaga ‘to suck’
Engl. milk < PG *mel(u)ka-, borrowed to Slavic (Pol. mleko), together with Old Pol. młodziwo ‘beestings, colostrum’ instead of *młoziwo from IE *melHǵ- ~ *mlaHǵ-t-, Lat. lāc, lactis, Gr. gala, galaktos, also Georgian rʒe < *mlǵe
Akk. manū ‘to count, to measure’, Arab. manā ‘to check, to try’, Hbr. mānā(h) ‘to count’ (maybe of the root *man ‘to think’, related to Nostratic *manu ‘think’ in Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, IE)
Engl. moon < PG *mēnō, Engl. month < PG *mēnōþ < IE *mē-n-, Lat. mēnsis < IE *mē-n-s-, Pol. miesiąc ‘month’ < PS *měsęcь < IE *mē-s-;
Skr. māti ‘to measure’, Lat. mētior ‘t.s.’, Hittite meḫḫur ‘time’, Pol. mierzyć ‘to measure’, miara ‘a measure’ < měr- < IE *mē-, *mē-t-, *mē-r-, *mē-n- < *meH-;
Engl. meal < *mē-l- ‘meal time’;
Gr. métron ‘a measure’, Lith. me͂tas ‘year’ < IE *me-t-;
Gr. medímnos, médimnos ‘a measure of grain’, OE metan, Ger. messen ‘to measure’, Lat. modus ‘a measure’ < IE *me-d-, *mo-d-
Arab. muhrun ‘foal’, Akk. mūru
Engl. mare, ir. marc ‘horse’ < IE *mark-, also Mongolian moŕ ‘horse’< *mori, Korean mal < Middle Korean mằr
Arab. nahrun ‘river’, Akk. nāru
Pol. Ner ‘name of a river’ < Nyr, nur ‘diver, loon’, zanurzać się ‘to plunge, to dive’ < IE *nuHr-, nouHr-, cf. also nora ‘burrow, den’, Lith. nérti < *nerH- ~ *norH-
Hbr. pā(j) ‘mouth’, st.constr. pī, Akk. pū, Arab. fumun
Pol. pić ‘to drink’, Lat. bibere and pōtāre, Skr. pāti, pipati ‘he is drinking’ (IE irregular *pei-, *pō-, *pipe-, *bibe-)
Akk. padānu ‘path’; bask. haran < *padan
Engl. path, Ger. Pfad < PG *paþ- (? from Iranian path-)
Akk. perdu ‘horse, mule’, Hbr. pered̲ ‘mule’, and also Arab. farasun ‘horse’, Hbr. pārāš ‘equipage’; Arab. faraˀun ‘onager, wild donkey’, Akk. parû, paraḫu, Hbr. pereˀ (with related words in Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic); cf. also Syrian bardūnā ‘mule’, Arab. bird̲awn- ‘not thoroughbred horse’, Eth. bāzrā ‘mare’; cf. also Arab. barīd- ‘carrier horse’ (from Greek?)
Ger. Pferd ‘horse’ < OHG pferīd, pferifrīd < PG *parafrid-, from Lat. verēdus,*paraverēdus ‘carrier horse, huntsman's horse’ (from that also Gr. béraidos, beredos), from Gallic (Welsh gorwydd ‘horse’)
Hbr. pered̲ ‘odd number’, Arab. fardun ‘one, the only one’
Pol. pierwszy ‘first’, Engl. first, Gr. prõtos, Lat. prīmus; also Georgian p̣irveli, Turkish bir ‘one’, Mongolian bür ‘everyone’, Korean piroso ‘in the beginning’, Japanese hitótsu < *pitə- ‘one’, from Altaic *bi̯uri
Akk. puluḫtu ‘fright, fear’
Engl. fright < fryhta < *furxtīn, Goth. faúrhts ‘fear’
Arab. qadda ‘to cut’, qaṭṭa ‘to cut off’, Hbr. qāṭam ‘to cut down’
Engl. cut, OIc. kuta, with no further etymology
Arab. qāla ‘to speak’
Engl. call from Nordic kalla, Briton galw; Pol. głos ‘voice’ < PS *gols-, Ossetian γalas < *golḱ-;
Gr. kaléō ‘to call, to name’
Arab. qāma ‘to stand up, to become’
Engl. come, become, Goth. qiman, Skr. gámati, gácchati ‘goes’, Lat. veniō, Gr. baínō (with irregular change *m > n) < IE *gʷem-
Akk. qarābu ‘war, battle’, Hbr. qərāb̲, maybe also Arab. qurḥatun ‘wound, injury’
OE here ‘army’, Ger. Heer < PG *xarjaz; cf. also herald < *xariwald-
Arab. qarjatun, qirjatun ‘housing estate, town, village’, Aram. qurəjātā, Phoenician qart ‘city, town’, Ugaritic q-r-t
Pol. gród ‘(old) city, castle’, Engl. yard, Lith. gar̃das, Skr. gr̥has ‘house’, Tocharian A kerciye
Arab. qarnun ‘horn’ (also ‘vertex’, not related to qarana ‘to bind, to tie’)
Engl. horn < PG *xurnaz, Lat. cornū, Skr. śŕ̥ŋga-;
Gr. karā ‘head’ (> Lat. cara ‘face’ and Engl. cheer) < IE *ḱr̥-H-;
Gr. kéras ‘horn’, Persian sar ‘head’ < IE *ḱer-H-s-;
Lat. cerebrum ‘brain’ < IE *ḱr̥-H-s-ro-;
Gr. kraníon ‘skull’ (> Lat. cranium and Pol. migrena < French migraine < hemicranium) < IE *ḱr̥-s-no-;
Engl. hornet < PG *xurznuta, Lat. crabrō, Pol. szerszeń < PS *šŕ̥š-en-;
Gr. krios ‘ram’ < IE *ḱr̥-ī-;
Engl. rein-deer < OE hreinn < PG *xrajna ‘horned animal’ < IE *ḱr̥-oi-n-;
Engl. rinder-pest < OE hrind ‘ox’, Ger. Rinder ‘cattle’ < PG *xrinda;
Pol. krowa ‘cow’, Russ. koróva < IE *ḱr̥-Hw-;
Lat. cervus ‘deer’, cervix ‘neck’ < IE *ḱr̥-w-;
Engl. hart < PG *xerutaz < IE *ḱer-u-do-;
Gr. korynē ‘club, cudgel’, koryphē ‘head’, korymbos ‘the highest part’
Arab. qatala ‘to kill’, maybe also Arab. qatta ‘to tell lies’
Engl. hate, Ger. hassen < PG *xat-; OE heaþu ‘war’, Ger. Hader ‘quarrel’ < PG *xaþ-; Gr. kḗdō ‘I worry’, Welsh cas ‘hate’, cawdd ‘anger’; maybe also Engl. kill, quell, Old Irish. at-baill ‘he is dying’ < IE *gwel-
Arab. qaṭara ‘to drip; to cover with birch tar’, qaṭrānun ‘birch tar’, Hbr. qəṭār ‘incense’
Ger. Ruß ‘soot’ < PG *xrōtō, probably unrelated to Engl. rot, rust < PG and IE *ru-
Hbr. qōp ‘ape, monkey’, Egyptian kefi
ON api, Engl. ape, Germ. Affe, ORuth. opica, Skr. kapí-
Akk. sīsū, Hbr. sūs ‘horse’
Luwian azzuwa < IE *eḱwos ‘horse’
Akk. šaḫū ‘pig’ (perhaps also Egyptian šˀy)
Lat. sūs, Gr. hūs, sūs < IE *sū- ‘pig’
Hbr. šeb̲aˁ, šib̲ˁā ‘seven’ (m and f resp.), Akk. šiba, šibittu, Arab. sabˁun, sabˁatun < PSem *šibˁum, Egyptian *'safxaw, Shilha sa
Engl. seven, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Pol. siedem < IE *septm̥
Hbr. šēš, šiššā ‘six’ (m and f resp.), Arab. sittun, sittatun, Eth. seds, sedestū, Aram. šeṯ, štā, Ugaritic ṯeṯ, Old South Arab. s-d-ṯ < PSem *šidṯum; Egyptian *sar'saw, *saj'saw, Shilha sd̲is
Engl. six, Ger. sechs, Lat. sex, Gr. heks, Pol. sześć, Skr. ṣaṣ < IE *ksweks (the presence of *k- is proved with Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Indo-Iranian facts);
Finnish kuusi < *kuute, Hungarian hat < *kūt- ~ *kutt-;
Dravidian *caru;
Georgian ekvsi
Akk. šalḫu, šulḫu ‘wall’ (cf. also Egyptian swˀḥ.t ‘stronghold’) or Hbr. ṣēlāˁ, Arab. ḍilˁun ‘rib’, Eth. ṣəlle, ṣəlla ‘beam’
Ger. Säule, OE sȳl < PG *sūlj- ‘column’
Arab. tajsun ‘he-goat’, Hbr. tajiš, Akk. daššu, taššu, but also Hbr. dīšōn ‘aurochs, Bison bonasus’, Akk. ditānu, didānu ‘t.s.’
Ger. Ziege, OHG ziga ‘she-goat’ < PG *tīgō (unknown outside German), Alb. dhi < IE *dīk-, maybe related to Pol. dziki ‘wild’, Old Pol. dziwy, dziwoki, Lith. dỹkas
Arab. tawˀamun ‘twins’
Engl. twins < IE *du- ‘two’
Arab. ṯawrun, Akk. šūru ‘bull’
Engl. steer, Goth. stiur, Avestan staōra < IE *steuro-;
Pol. tur ‘urus, Bos primigenius’, Lat. taurus ‘bull’, Gr. tauros < IE *tauro-
Arab. wajnun, Hbr. jajin ‘wine’
Engl. wine, Gr. (w)oĩnos, Lat. vīnum; Hitt. wijanaš, cf. also Georgian γvino
Arab. waqā ‘to preserve, to defend’
Engl. wake, watch, wait < PG *wak-, *waxt-, Lat. vegere ‘to be active’, Skr. vāja ‘strength, speed’
Arab. warada ‘to come’, wardijānun ‘guardian’
Engl. guard < Old French garder < Frankish warden
Akk. zību ‘sacrifice, offering’
OE tiber ‘sacrifice, offering’; Ger. Ungeziefer ‘vermin’
Semitic is attested since the third millenium BC in northern Mesopotamia (Akkadian) which is not far from the Proto IE homeland (around the Black sea shores).
http://grzegorj.w.interia.pl/lingwen/iesem3.html
Akk. appāru ‘wild boar’
Ger. Eber, OE eofor < *ebura-, Lat. aper, Pol. wieprz ‘boar’, Greek kápros
Arab. ˀaḥadun, ˀwāḥidun ‘one’, ḥidatun ‘be the only one’ (the root ḥid- ~ ḥad-)
Pol. jeden ‘one’ < IE *ed-oinos;
Pol. dziewięć, Gr. ennéa < IE *ed-newm̥ ‘nine’
Arab. ˀakara ‘to plough’, Hbr. ˀikkār ‘farmer with no own land’, Akk. ikkaru, inkaru ‘(little) farmer, ploughman’ (? < Sum. engar)
Engl. acre (formerly ‘field’), Ger. Acker ‘field’ (formerly ‘meadow’), Lat. ager ‘field, ploughland’, Gr. agrós, Skr. ájra- ‘pasture; field’; usually interpreted as IE *aǵro- from the root *aǵ- ‘to drive (cattle)’
Arab. ˀalfun ‘thousand’, Akk. alpu ‘cattle’, Phoenician ˀ-l-p ‘ox’
Engl. calf, Ger. Kalb < PG *kalba- (referred, probably incorrectly, to IE *gel-bh- ‘to swell’, cf. Lat. globus ‘globe’)
Arab. ˀarḍun, Hbr. ˀereṣ ‘earth’, Akk. erṣetu
Engl. earth < *erþō, but also Gr. erā and Welsh erw ‘field’
Arab. ˁanzatun ‘goat’, Akk. enzu, ezzu, azzatu, ḫazzatu
the hesitation k- ~ 0- similar like in Akk. ḫ- ~ 0-:
Pol. koza < IE *koǵā, Alb. keth, kedhi ‘kid’ (cf. Engl. kid), OE hǣcen (see also Tatar käǯä, Chuv. kačaga);
without k-: Skr. ajā́, Lith. ožỹs, ožkà;
Gr. aĩks, D aigós, Arm. ayc, Skr. eḍa- ‘kind of sheep’, Av. izaēna- ‘of leather’
Arab. ˁaqrabun ‘scorpion’, Akk. aqrabu
Engl. crab, Ger. Krabbe and Krebs, Gr. kárabos ‘crab’ and skorpiós
Ugaritic ˁ-ṯ-t-r-t ‘Ashtarte – Ishtar (goddess)’, Phoenician ˁ-š-t-r-t (hence Arab. ˁaštarūtu), Akk. ištaru < *ˁiṯtar- < *ˁičtar-
Gr. ástēr ‘star’, Lat. stella < *sterela, Engl. star < steorra, Ger. Stern < sterno < IE *H2ster-;
possibly Engl. iron, Ger. Eisen < *īsarna- (from Celtic)
Arab. baˁlun ‘lord; husband; sir’, Hbr. baˁal ‘sir; god's name’
Celtic Bel ‘god's name’, Slavic bol- ‘more’ (cf. Pol. Bolesław), Skr. balin- ‘strong, powerful’, Gr. bélteros ‘better’, Frisian pall ‘strong, hard’, Lat. dē-bilis ‘weak’
Hbr. barzel ‘iron’, Akk. parzillu (in other AA languages the same root denotes other metals, e.g. Egyptian b-j-ˀ ‘copper’, Chadic and Cushitic bir- ‘iron’, ‘silver’ or ‘metal’ in common)
Lat. ferrum < *fersom ~ *fersilom;
with a shift and a meaning change Pol. srebro ‘silver’ < PS *serbro, Lith. sidãbras, prus. sirablan, Engl. silver, Ger. Silber, Goth. silubr; bask. zilhar;
perhaps also Gr. sídēros ‘iron’, Dor. sídāros (cf. the Lith. form!)
Arab. burrun ‘wheat’, Hbr. bār ‘threshed grain’
Pol. perz ‘wild wheat, Triticum repens’ < pyrь, OCS pyro ‘spelt, Triticum spelta’, OE fyrs ‘wheat-grass’, Gr. pȳrós ‘wheat’, Old Lith. pūras ‘grain of wheat’;
maybe also Pol. ber, gen. bru < PS bъrъ ‘a gender of millet, Setaria sp, Panicum miliaceum or Milium effusum’
Akk. dunnunu ‘fortified’
Engl. down ‘sand-drift’ < OE dūn ‘hill’ < *dūna-, a Germanic borrowing from Celtic dunum ‘stronghold’;
the same in PG *tūnaz > Engl. town, Ger. Zaun ‘fence’
Arab. darkun, darakun ‘way, round’, Hbr. derek̲ ‘way’
Pol. droga ‘way’, Russ. doróga < PS *dórga < IE *dhorHg- without convincing IE etymology
Arab. dārun ‘house’, dūrun ‘houses’, dāˀiratun ‘circle’
Engl. thorp, Ger. Dorf < PG *þurp-, Lat. turba ‘mob’, Gr. túrbē ‘confusion’; Engl. twirl < PG *þweril-
Akk. dūru ‘long time’
Lat. dūrāre ‘to endure, to persist’, skąd Ger. Dauer ‘duration’
Arab. d̲irāˁun ‘arm’, Hbr. zərōăˁ
Engl. steer < PG *steur-
Akk. epūšu ‘sacrifice, offering’
Lat. opus, D operis < *opes-is ‘work’, OE efnan ‘to make’ < *ōbjan < *ōp- ~ *op- ‘offering’, Skr. apas ‘work’
Akk. gadū ‘kid’, Arab. gadjun
Engl. goat, Goth. gaits, Lat. haedus (cf. also ˁanzatun above)
Arab. gamalun, gamlun ‘camel’, Hbr. gāmāl, pl. gəmallīm, Akk. gammalu
Engl. camel < Lat. camelus, Gr. kamēlos ‘camel’, Russ. komolyj ‘hornless’;
Lith. kumelỹs ‘horse’, kumẽlė ‘mare’, Latv. kumē ̧ļš ‘foal’, Skr. kumārá- ‘baby, son, child’;
Lat. caballus ‘horse’, Pol. kobyła ‘mare’, OTurk. käväl, Pers. kaval ‘swift horse’;
Lat. cabō, gen. cabōnis ‘horse’, Fin. hepo ‘steed’, hevonen ‘horse’;
Pruss. camnet ‘horse’, Pol. koń < PS *kom(o)nь (cf. komonica ‘birdfoot trefoil, Lotus’) < *kamni-
Hbr. gal ‘wave; spring’ (in Chadic and Cushitic sim. ‘river, lake’)
Engl. well, Ger. Quelle ‘spring’ without IE etymology
Arab. ġaranun ‘eagle’, Akk. urinnu, erū
Hittite ḫara(n), OE earn, Ger. Aar, Swedish örn, Ger. Adler < *edel-ar ‘a noble bird of pray’ < *arnu-, *arōn ‘eagle, bird of pray’, Pol. orzeł ‘eagle’ < PS *orьlъ < *orilo-, Gr. órnīs, órnīth- ‘bird’
Arab. ġirnīqun, ġurnūqun ‘crane’
Engl. crane, Gr. géranos < IE *gerH-no-;
Pol. żuraw < *žeravjь, Lith. gérvė, Lat. grūs < *gerH-w-
Arab. ġurābun ‘raven’, Akk. āribu, ēribu, ḫērebu ‘raven, crow’, Hbr. ˁōrēb̲ ‘raven’
Engl. crow (echoic?);
raven < PG *xrabnaz, Lat. corvus, Gr. kóraks
Arab. ḫuffun ‘paw, foot; shoe, slipper’
Engl. hoof < PG *xuf-, Pol. kopyto ‘hoof’ with unclear -yt-, Skr. śapha < IE *ḱopH-
Arab. ḫarīfun ‘autumn’, Akk. ḫarpu
Engl. harvest, Ger. Herbst ‘autumn’ < PG *xarbista < IE *karp- with untypical -a-;
also Lat. carpere ‘to pick fruit’, Gr. karpós ‘fruit’;
unclear reference to Engl. harp, Ger. Harfe < PG *xarpō
Akk. ḫussu ‘reed hut’
Engl. house < PG *xūs
Ugar. ḥrt ‘to plough’, Hbr. ḥrš, Akad. erēšu ‘till land’
Hitt. ḫaršawar ‘tillage, agriculture’, ḫarš- ‘to tillage without the help of an animal’ (< IE *Har-s- ?)
Arab. kalbun ‘dog’
Hitt. ḫuelpi ‘newborn animal’, Engl. whelp < PG *xwelp-, Welsh colwyn
Arab. labwat-, labāt- ‘lioness’, Akk. labbu (labˀu, lābu) ‘lion’, Hbr. poet. lāb̲īˀ (together with normal ˀarjē < *ˀarwaj); Hbr. lajiš, Arab. lajṯun, lājiṯun (maybe contamination of the previous and *najṯu- > Akk. nēšu, but also Arab. nahhāsun, nahūsun, minhasun)
Pol. lew < PS lьvъ < OHG lëwo < Lat. leō, Gr. léōn, līs
Arab. lawḥun ‘lath, board’, lawḥatun ‘shield’
Engl. lath < OE *læþþ and lætt (from Nordic), without etymology
Arab. lisānun ‘tongue, language’, laḥwasa ‘to lick’, Hbr. lāšōn ‘tongue, language’, lāqaq ‘to lick’
Engl. tongue, Goth. tungo, Lat. lingua, Old Lat. dingua, Skr. juhū-, jihvā-, Avestan hizū, hizvā, Pol. język, Pruss. insuwis, Lith. liežùvis, Gr. glõtta, glõssa, glátta, maybe also Lat. gingīva ‘gum (of a tooth)’, Gr. gamphēlaí ‘muzzle, mouth’;
Pol. lizać ‘to lick’, Lith. liẽžti, Skr. lḗḍhi, líhati, Gr. leíkhō, Lat. lingō, Engl. lick
Arab. malaga ‘to suck’
Engl. milk < PG *mel(u)ka-, borrowed to Slavic (Pol. mleko), together with Old Pol. młodziwo ‘beestings, colostrum’ instead of *młoziwo from IE *melHǵ- ~ *mlaHǵ-t-, Lat. lāc, lactis, Gr. gala, galaktos, also Georgian rʒe < *mlǵe
Akk. manū ‘to count, to measure’, Arab. manā ‘to check, to try’, Hbr. mānā(h) ‘to count’ (maybe of the root *man ‘to think’, related to Nostratic *manu ‘think’ in Altaic, Uralic, Dravidian, IE)
Engl. moon < PG *mēnō, Engl. month < PG *mēnōþ < IE *mē-n-, Lat. mēnsis < IE *mē-n-s-, Pol. miesiąc ‘month’ < PS *měsęcь < IE *mē-s-;
Skr. māti ‘to measure’, Lat. mētior ‘t.s.’, Hittite meḫḫur ‘time’, Pol. mierzyć ‘to measure’, miara ‘a measure’ < měr- < IE *mē-, *mē-t-, *mē-r-, *mē-n- < *meH-;
Engl. meal < *mē-l- ‘meal time’;
Gr. métron ‘a measure’, Lith. me͂tas ‘year’ < IE *me-t-;
Gr. medímnos, médimnos ‘a measure of grain’, OE metan, Ger. messen ‘to measure’, Lat. modus ‘a measure’ < IE *me-d-, *mo-d-
Arab. muhrun ‘foal’, Akk. mūru
Engl. mare, ir. marc ‘horse’ < IE *mark-, also Mongolian moŕ ‘horse’< *mori, Korean mal < Middle Korean mằr
Arab. nahrun ‘river’, Akk. nāru
Pol. Ner ‘name of a river’ < Nyr, nur ‘diver, loon’, zanurzać się ‘to plunge, to dive’ < IE *nuHr-, nouHr-, cf. also nora ‘burrow, den’, Lith. nérti < *nerH- ~ *norH-
Hbr. pā(j) ‘mouth’, st.constr. pī, Akk. pū, Arab. fumun
Pol. pić ‘to drink’, Lat. bibere and pōtāre, Skr. pāti, pipati ‘he is drinking’ (IE irregular *pei-, *pō-, *pipe-, *bibe-)
Akk. padānu ‘path’; bask. haran < *padan
Engl. path, Ger. Pfad < PG *paþ- (? from Iranian path-)
Akk. perdu ‘horse, mule’, Hbr. pered̲ ‘mule’, and also Arab. farasun ‘horse’, Hbr. pārāš ‘equipage’; Arab. faraˀun ‘onager, wild donkey’, Akk. parû, paraḫu, Hbr. pereˀ (with related words in Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic); cf. also Syrian bardūnā ‘mule’, Arab. bird̲awn- ‘not thoroughbred horse’, Eth. bāzrā ‘mare’; cf. also Arab. barīd- ‘carrier horse’ (from Greek?)
Ger. Pferd ‘horse’ < OHG pferīd, pferifrīd < PG *parafrid-, from Lat. verēdus,*paraverēdus ‘carrier horse, huntsman's horse’ (from that also Gr. béraidos, beredos), from Gallic (Welsh gorwydd ‘horse’)
Hbr. pered̲ ‘odd number’, Arab. fardun ‘one, the only one’
Pol. pierwszy ‘first’, Engl. first, Gr. prõtos, Lat. prīmus; also Georgian p̣irveli, Turkish bir ‘one’, Mongolian bür ‘everyone’, Korean piroso ‘in the beginning’, Japanese hitótsu < *pitə- ‘one’, from Altaic *bi̯uri
Akk. puluḫtu ‘fright, fear’
Engl. fright < fryhta < *furxtīn, Goth. faúrhts ‘fear’
Arab. qadda ‘to cut’, qaṭṭa ‘to cut off’, Hbr. qāṭam ‘to cut down’
Engl. cut, OIc. kuta, with no further etymology
Arab. qāla ‘to speak’
Engl. call from Nordic kalla, Briton galw; Pol. głos ‘voice’ < PS *gols-, Ossetian γalas < *golḱ-;
Gr. kaléō ‘to call, to name’
Arab. qāma ‘to stand up, to become’
Engl. come, become, Goth. qiman, Skr. gámati, gácchati ‘goes’, Lat. veniō, Gr. baínō (with irregular change *m > n) < IE *gʷem-
Akk. qarābu ‘war, battle’, Hbr. qərāb̲, maybe also Arab. qurḥatun ‘wound, injury’
OE here ‘army’, Ger. Heer < PG *xarjaz; cf. also herald < *xariwald-
Arab. qarjatun, qirjatun ‘housing estate, town, village’, Aram. qurəjātā, Phoenician qart ‘city, town’, Ugaritic q-r-t
Pol. gród ‘(old) city, castle’, Engl. yard, Lith. gar̃das, Skr. gr̥has ‘house’, Tocharian A kerciye
Arab. qarnun ‘horn’ (also ‘vertex’, not related to qarana ‘to bind, to tie’)
Engl. horn < PG *xurnaz, Lat. cornū, Skr. śŕ̥ŋga-;
Gr. karā ‘head’ (> Lat. cara ‘face’ and Engl. cheer) < IE *ḱr̥-H-;
Gr. kéras ‘horn’, Persian sar ‘head’ < IE *ḱer-H-s-;
Lat. cerebrum ‘brain’ < IE *ḱr̥-H-s-ro-;
Gr. kraníon ‘skull’ (> Lat. cranium and Pol. migrena < French migraine < hemicranium) < IE *ḱr̥-s-no-;
Engl. hornet < PG *xurznuta, Lat. crabrō, Pol. szerszeń < PS *šŕ̥š-en-;
Gr. krios ‘ram’ < IE *ḱr̥-ī-;
Engl. rein-deer < OE hreinn < PG *xrajna ‘horned animal’ < IE *ḱr̥-oi-n-;
Engl. rinder-pest < OE hrind ‘ox’, Ger. Rinder ‘cattle’ < PG *xrinda;
Pol. krowa ‘cow’, Russ. koróva < IE *ḱr̥-Hw-;
Lat. cervus ‘deer’, cervix ‘neck’ < IE *ḱr̥-w-;
Engl. hart < PG *xerutaz < IE *ḱer-u-do-;
Gr. korynē ‘club, cudgel’, koryphē ‘head’, korymbos ‘the highest part’
Arab. qatala ‘to kill’, maybe also Arab. qatta ‘to tell lies’
Engl. hate, Ger. hassen < PG *xat-; OE heaþu ‘war’, Ger. Hader ‘quarrel’ < PG *xaþ-; Gr. kḗdō ‘I worry’, Welsh cas ‘hate’, cawdd ‘anger’; maybe also Engl. kill, quell, Old Irish. at-baill ‘he is dying’ < IE *gwel-
Arab. qaṭara ‘to drip; to cover with birch tar’, qaṭrānun ‘birch tar’, Hbr. qəṭār ‘incense’
Ger. Ruß ‘soot’ < PG *xrōtō, probably unrelated to Engl. rot, rust < PG and IE *ru-
Hbr. qōp ‘ape, monkey’, Egyptian kefi
ON api, Engl. ape, Germ. Affe, ORuth. opica, Skr. kapí-
Akk. sīsū, Hbr. sūs ‘horse’
Luwian azzuwa < IE *eḱwos ‘horse’
Akk. šaḫū ‘pig’ (perhaps also Egyptian šˀy)
Lat. sūs, Gr. hūs, sūs < IE *sū- ‘pig’
Hbr. šeb̲aˁ, šib̲ˁā ‘seven’ (m and f resp.), Akk. šiba, šibittu, Arab. sabˁun, sabˁatun < PSem *šibˁum, Egyptian *'safxaw, Shilha sa
Engl. seven, Ger. sieben, Lat. septem, Pol. siedem < IE *septm̥
Hbr. šēš, šiššā ‘six’ (m and f resp.), Arab. sittun, sittatun, Eth. seds, sedestū, Aram. šeṯ, štā, Ugaritic ṯeṯ, Old South Arab. s-d-ṯ < PSem *šidṯum; Egyptian *sar'saw, *saj'saw, Shilha sd̲is
Engl. six, Ger. sechs, Lat. sex, Gr. heks, Pol. sześć, Skr. ṣaṣ < IE *ksweks (the presence of *k- is proved with Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Indo-Iranian facts);
Finnish kuusi < *kuute, Hungarian hat < *kūt- ~ *kutt-;
Dravidian *caru;
Georgian ekvsi
Akk. šalḫu, šulḫu ‘wall’ (cf. also Egyptian swˀḥ.t ‘stronghold’) or Hbr. ṣēlāˁ, Arab. ḍilˁun ‘rib’, Eth. ṣəlle, ṣəlla ‘beam’
Ger. Säule, OE sȳl < PG *sūlj- ‘column’
Arab. tajsun ‘he-goat’, Hbr. tajiš, Akk. daššu, taššu, but also Hbr. dīšōn ‘aurochs, Bison bonasus’, Akk. ditānu, didānu ‘t.s.’
Ger. Ziege, OHG ziga ‘she-goat’ < PG *tīgō (unknown outside German), Alb. dhi < IE *dīk-, maybe related to Pol. dziki ‘wild’, Old Pol. dziwy, dziwoki, Lith. dỹkas
Arab. tawˀamun ‘twins’
Engl. twins < IE *du- ‘two’
Arab. ṯawrun, Akk. šūru ‘bull’
Engl. steer, Goth. stiur, Avestan staōra < IE *steuro-;
Pol. tur ‘urus, Bos primigenius’, Lat. taurus ‘bull’, Gr. tauros < IE *tauro-
Arab. wajnun, Hbr. jajin ‘wine’
Engl. wine, Gr. (w)oĩnos, Lat. vīnum; Hitt. wijanaš, cf. also Georgian γvino
Arab. waqā ‘to preserve, to defend’
Engl. wake, watch, wait < PG *wak-, *waxt-, Lat. vegere ‘to be active’, Skr. vāja ‘strength, speed’
Arab. warada ‘to come’, wardijānun ‘guardian’
Engl. guard < Old French garder < Frankish warden
Akk. zību ‘sacrifice, offering’
OE tiber ‘sacrifice, offering’; Ger. Ungeziefer ‘vermin’