Arame
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http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/7/1940.longExcerpts:
In recent years, the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) led to the discovery of thousands of new polymorphisms used to improve the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. In addition, the possibility of revealing a high number of stable polymorphisms has led to the reevaluation of SNPs as an optimal tool for age estimation of the tree nodes.
In this study, we present an updated phylogenetic structure for haplogroup E, which is the most represented MSY lineage in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2002), focusing on the E-M35 clade. This haplogroup received considerable attention in the literature because it has a broad geographic distribution, being present at high frequencies in a wide area stretching from northern and eastern Africa to Europe and western Asia. Moreover, the lineages sharing the M35 mutation have been linked to a wide range of human movements and a multitude of theories have been proposed about their time and place of origin (Arredi et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004; Cruciani et al. 2006, 2007; Adams et al. 2008; Henn et al. 2008; Battaglia et al. 2009; Lancaster 2009; Trombetta et al. 2011; Bučková et al. 2013; Gebremeskel and Ibrahim 2014).
Within this clade, the posterior probability (0.97) strongly favors an eastern African placement for the origin of the E-M215 diversity, as previously suggested by Semino et al. (2004) and Gebremeskel and Ibrahim (2014), whereas a northern African location is favored for the node defining the M78 subclade (posterior probability = 0.76), supporting the previous hypothesis of Cruciani et al. (2007).
... our phylogeographic analysis, based on thousands of samples worldwide, suggests that the radiation of haplogroup E started about 58 ka, somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, with a higher posterior probability (0.73) for an eastern African origin. Moreover, it seems that the next five major dichotomies also occurred in eastern Africa (posterior probabilities ranging 0.84–0.97) in a time frame of about 15 ky (55–40 ka), underlying the importance of this region for the early differentiation of this widespread haplogroup and for the peopling of the entire continent.
In conclusion, we show that haplogroup E and, more specifically, its subhaplogroup E-M35, previously refractory to several subsequent phylogenetic refinements, contain a lot of phylogenetic and phylogeographic information which can be useful for evolutionary and forensics purposes. These results emphasize the relevance of analyzing large population samples to fully disclose the phylogenetic information hidden in the great number of mutations that have been reported in recent Y chromosome NGS studies. In general, we look forward to large population studies that make use of newly available mutation resources as a promising way to reveal the paternal side of our evolutionary history, like it has been already done in a very limited number of studies so far (Rootsi et al. 2013; Underhill et al. 2015).
The split between the M78 and M123 branches dates from 25.000 years ago. M78 itself is 15.000 years old while its V12, V13 and V22 branches are, respectively, 10,000, 8,000 and 8,000 years old. M34 itself is 20.000 years old.
It seems that E-V13 was part of a second neolithic wave from Levant perhaps alongside with J2.