The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1,2,3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’6,7,8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across Northeast Asia from the Early Neolithic onwards, but that this shared heritage has been masked by extensive cultural interaction since the Bronze Age. As well as marking considerable progress in the three individual disciplines, by combining their converging evidence we show that the early spread of Transeurasian speakers was driven by agriculture.
never mentioning about relationship between Uralic and Altaic.
Neolithic Hongshan and lake baikal have an archaeological connection. Archaeology explains a connection between baikal and EHG.
Between lake baikal and EHG was WSHG who migrated in IVC and just maybe Sumer(?).
So, Comparative linguist Kang Gil-un identifies 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean. He suggests that Korean is probably related to the Nivkh language and influenced by Tamil.[17]
"Contemporary Tungusic as well as Nivkh speakers in the Amur form a tight cluster13 (Extended Data Fig. 5). Neolithic hunter-gatherers from Baikal, Primorye and the southeastern steppe, as well as farmers from the West Liao and Amur, all project within this cluster (Extended Data Figs. 8–10).
The PCA (Extended Data Figs. 8–10) shows a general trend for Neolithic individuals from Mongolia to contain high Amur-like ancestry with extensive gene flow from western Eurasia increasing from the Bronze to Middle Ages37. Whereas the Turkic-speaking Xiongnu38, Old Uyghur and Türk are extremely scattered, the Mongolic-speaking39 Iron Age Xianbei fall closer to the Amur cluster than the Shiwei, Rouran, Khitan and Middle Mongolian Khanate from Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
As Amur-related ancestry can be traced down to speakers of Japanese and Korean13, it appears to be the original genetic component common to all speakers of Transeurasian languages. By analysing ancient genomes from Korea (Supplementary Data 12), we find that Jomon ancestry was present on the Peninsula by 6000 BP (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Data 13).
In the third millennium BP, this agricultural package was transmitted to Kyushu, triggering a transition to full-scale farming, a genetic turn-over from Jomon to Yayoi ancestry and a linguistic shift to Japonic. By adding unique samples from Nagabaka in the southern Ryukyus, we traced the farming/language dispersal to the edge of the Transeurasian world. Demonstrating that Jomon ancestry stretched as far south as Miyako Island, our results contradict previous assumptions of a northward expansion by Austronesian populations from Taiwan."
This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register.
By continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies.
