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These dates are hypothetical, the earliest known Turkic language is Orkhon Turkic (Gokturk) which was spoken in Mongolia, so it is generally believed that Turkic language originated somewhere near to Mongolia. I don't know why you talk about modern Turks, did I talk about Brazilians or other...

I said the earliest known Indo-European people, not modern people. Some Pan-Turk Azeris claim Proto-Turkic was spoken in Azerbaijan and Sumerians who also worshiped Dingir/Tengri, were originally Turks but we know the earliest known Turkic languages were spoken somewhere in the north of...

In the recent years we see different studies about ancient DNA of different people in Eurasia but I think if we want to know who these people were, we should focus on known people, what are the Y-DNA of earliest known Indo-European people which have been found so far?

Other than ziggurats, we aslo see huge similarities between Sardnian and Iranian/Armenian menhirs and dolmens. Oshakan, Armenia: Laconi, Sardinia:

After several years of researching about ancient Iran, I also believe that the people of Greece and other parts of Europe are closer to pre-Iranian people than modern Iranians. Probably for the same reason ancient Persian kings had focused on Greece and finally some people from this region...

I mostly meant culturally than genetically, the same thing can be said about people of Turkey, those who live in Greece and other parts of Europe are closer to the ancient people of Turkey than modern Turks who live there.

It is much better to be blind to facts because of ethnic pride than ethnic hatred. However this discussion has nothing to modern ethnicities, there has been several migrations from and to Iran in the last thousands years, I believe modern Europeans are much closer to ancient people of Iran than...

Even in this study about "Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain", we read about Fatyanovo individuals: "These populations are composed of the blue “WHG” and yellow “Khanty” component and two brown components maximized in HG from the Caucasus and...

I have no hypothesis, this is what geneticists say, for example according to Lazaridis et al.: "a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed ~43% of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe". Compare to this map:

You say "the steppe was the land of nomad PASTORALISTS" and then you admit that the earliest nomad pastoralists were those who lived in Iran, not the steppe, so if these nomad pastoralists migrated to different lands and spread IE culture, their original land should be in Iran, not the steppe...

You are wrong those who originally lived in the steppe were nomadic hunter gatherers, nomadic pastoralism originated in the mountainous Zagros region in Iran, not the steppe: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31326

You may be right but I think you also want to fool me, when they say there are also R1a-SRY1532.2(xM198) and R1a-M198(xM417) in Iran, it means they are negative for M198 and M417, so they couldn't be Z93.

I see nothing about Iranian R1a (M198/M17) in this thread.

Would you please inform me? What are new studies regarding Iranian R1a?

Other than Underhill and Grugni, as you read in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a According to Di Cristofaro et al. "All Iranian R1a individuals carried the M198 and M17 mutations except one individual in a sample of Iranians from Gilan (n=27), who was reported to belong to...

Well said, the steppe was the land of nomads, such as Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic and Hunnic people, not Hittites, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Indians and other major Indo-European people, of course there were some IE people like Scythians who migrated there and adopted a nomadic lifestyle, but the...

No, because I believe Iran is the source, not the destination. It is actually what geneticists believe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a According to "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians", by Grugni, et al...

In the ancient times Central Asians couldn't fly over Iran to reach the Levant, anyway it is not important because this haplogroup is R1a-M417, not a subclade of R1a-Z93, and Central Asia is not in the Europe but Greater Iran:

Of course if you don't study the DNA of ancient skeletons in Tepe Sialk and other ancient sites in Central Iran, you will never find R1a there, but for example we see this haplogroup is found in the Bronze Age Levant and it is believed that it came there from Iran, so it certainly existed in the...

They are not rare in Iran but I think Iranians also see them as the most beautiful eye colors, some of the most famous Iranian celebrities have light brown eyes, like this one: