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My guess is there were two waves from the same source but they took different routes and mixed with different people along the way so look different.

Not sure if this is right place or already posted but bizarre burials in neolithic Britain http://bellbeakerblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2016/03/british-mummification-parker-pearson.html http://bellbeakerblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2016/03/part-2-british-mummification-parker.html

I'm not saying steppe, I'm thinking hill country along the southern edge of the steppe. http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/45/4445-004-5806C32A.jpg pure guess though so could be wrong

Weighted more towards Central Asia imo like a more easterly version of I.

My guess... Yamnaya: - cos horses, spread around steppe as tribes and - cos copper, spread everywhere but as miner/metal worker minority not tribal invaders - second group acted as catalyst to majority populations they settled among Corded Ware - cultural son/brother of Yamnaya but - Corded...

Apparently mtdna has an influence on metabolic rate and cold climates so I wonder about selection, maybe there were HG clades that provided more body heat but at the cost of some negative side effect and as farming/herding spread it lost some of its competitive advantage...

I think that's the critical point - bad genes can be selected for if they protect against something worse. So for example genes that allow survival in extreme cold don't have to be good in other environments - some might be but a lot will be either neutral or bad just by probability. edit...

arvistro Especially if non-fertile = more pastoralist and HGs found it easier to adopt to pastoralism than crop farming. Climate change is plausible too or even both i.e. climate change -> fertile crop farming regions becoming more pastoralist -> more mixing with local HGs.

It might be that it was so diverged it was all bad *unless* there was a major compensating advantage and originally a lot of it did have a major cold environment advantage but the advantages declined as it got warmer. If correct the most recent relatively heavily admixed populations would be up...

moesan "I'm rather pushed to believe bottlenecks augment fitness at some level, at least for local conditions" Yes, with the emphasis on local conditions. If neanderthals were adapted for the cold and AMH were pushing into colder regions (as those regions were slowly warming) then it seems to...

bicicleur "he got extra Neanderthal admixture, later than 55-60000 years ago. his line got extinct" Yes, so either he was the only one or there were many like that over a long period. It's not a big deal; I just always thought the idea there was only one mixture event and then all the...

copper workers by sea to crete by sea to the Med. islands and eventually iberia (others crete to cyprus to egypt etc) hence minority presence among standard farmers imo

so the consensus is moving from low levels of recent neanderthals admixture to high levels but deleterious? that makes more sense than sudden instant extinction at least.

Interesting on that map that the gold and silver mining sites - which I assume came first - are located away from the copper sites in the Pyrenees implying that miners would have had to move to those sites from elsewhere - maybe from Iberia, maybe not. copper rush? miner 4049-er (BC)

Just an idea but if there was an OoA expansion followed by a back-migration from SE Asia then maybe mountain refuges along the Atlantic coast had/have larger surviving amounts of that OoA dna and these results from Iberia picking up lots of different kinds of African dna is actually picking up a...

One possibility might be a mashup of the various theories. Say lighter (but not light) skin had an advantage in northern Eurasia (or interior northern Eurasia) and so multiple depigmentation genes developed among separate populations in that region. Say for the sake of argument there were five...

one of the things I was thinking about early copper working is say for the sake of argument there were five levels of difficulty in extracting copper with level one sites being panning for it in streams or simply chiseling it out of exposed rock and levels two to five being progressively more...

Copper in places like Cyprus, Corsica, Iberia - seems likely they might have at least some sea contact with each other.

Yeah, weird huh but then people will go a long way for gold. I wonder about the R1b along the route to the west African gold fields for the same reason.

Just the odd Lemba thing - not evidence but interesting. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people