Vlach haplogroups & deep ancestry?

E1b1b1a1 is about 29% in Montenegrins, 19% in Serbs, 19% in Upper Macedonians (former Yugoslav republic), 14% in Bosniacs.

I don't know precisely in Bulgarians (in Eupedia is 24%).

E1b1b1a1 is 45,6% in Geg Albanians in Kosovo (Pericic et al.), and 41,2% in Geg Albanians in Albania (Ferri et al.).

E1b1b1a1 is 28,1% in Tosk Albanians.

But it is surprising lack of J2 in Arbereshe (Albanian colonists in Calabria and Apulia). Geg Albanians have 23% J2 (Ferri et al.) and Tosk Albanians have 16,5% (Ferri et al.). I have no explanation for Arbereshe about the absence of J2. I would like to hear some opinion about this.
Arbreshe community that reside in Italy should not be used as an example to determine what hg Albanians of middle ages had. Reason, they were mostly Tosks that emigrated to Italy from today's Greece and South Albania with a minority of Gheg element, and traveled in faras (Clans) as mercenaries (patriarchal). That should tell us that such groups were most likely not divers in halpogroups.
 
Arbreshe community that reside in Italy should not be used as an example to determine what hg Albanians of middle ages had. Reason, they were mostly Tosks that emigrated to Italy from today's Greece and South Albania with a minority of Gheg element, and traveled in faras (Clans) as mercenaries (patriarchal). That should tell us that such groups were most likely not divers in halpogroups.

Arberesh community, especially that of Hora in Sicily and the other 2 settlementgs are consider the pure Arbanon that Anna komnene describes,
they belong to revolt group of Maniakis, and are known much before Arberia of Progon and Albania of Anju.
they are the perfect group to find medieval and more ancient Albanian DNA
 
Arberesh community, especially that of Hora in Sicily and the other 2 settlementgs are consider the pure Arbanon that Anna komnene describes,
they belong to revolt group of Maniakis, and are known much before Arberia of Progon and Albania of Anju.
they are the perfect group to find medieval and more ancient Albanian DNA

They are not pure Arbanon. Before they left to Italy they had been living for 300 years in Morea (Peloponeses)
They resisted Turkish occupation of Morea until they were decimated by the Turks. Turkey was way superior in numerical terms, cut their olive trees, burned their crops, eat their livestock and the Arbereshe were left with two alternatives; Die or Go to Italy. Today in Arbereshe settlements of Italy Arbereshe are the majority but there minorities living there too.
 
They are not pure Arbanon. Before they left to Italy they had been living for 300 years in Morea (Peloponeses)
They resisted Turkish occupation of Morea until they were decimated by the Turks. Turkey was way superior in numerical terms, cut their olive trees, burned their crops, eat their livestock and the Arbereshe were left with two alternatives; Die or Go to Italy. Today in Arbereshe settlements of Italy Arbereshe are the majority but there minorities living there too.


no they are the pure, the Arberesh of Hora Sicily are the purest Arber you can find, and they have the lowest Slavic admixture

they went to Koroni Peloponese after the battle of Thessaloniki and the death of Maniakis,
much before Arbanites invited by Latin rulers in Greece, much before Arbanon, much Before Albania,

all the rest are Albanian immigrants, the true Arberesh are 3 villages Hora, sant Demetrio and 3rd is away from remembering now
 
Arberesh community, especially that of Hora in Sicily and the other 2 settlementgs are consider the pure Arbanon that Anna komnene describes,
they belong to revolt group of Maniakis, and are known much before Arberia of Progon and Albania of Anju.
they are the perfect group to find medieval and more ancient Albanian DNA
Yetos, I see that you are not very familiar with the chronological events and overall the history of Arbresh that reside in Italy. They first started to settle in Italy in 15th century, and have no connections whatsoever with Maniakis and the Principality of Arbanon (except that some of them might have migrated down to Greece from Central Albania about 200/300 years prior to their journey to Italy). The Arberesh that have preserved their culture to this day are Tosk in majority, while the Principality of Arbanon was Gheg!

Most of today's Arbreshe that have preserved their culture actually decent from the Stratioti that settled there in 1500s, that migrated there from today's Greece, hence whey they were also considered "Greeks" in the beginning.

Their most popular song that has survived to this day is actually a song about Morea, and how they migrated from there:



Anyways, I want to say again that during those days Albanians warrior clans were quite compact in y-dna because of their patriarchy. My region where I come from, so far from all the people that have tested are either R1b, E-V13 or I1 because of these very traditions. So, if such a group emigrates or resettles in a different region, would not be ideal to study them and determine what y-dna Kosova Albanians have. Same thing with them, they mostly moved there from few regions....
 
A Morlach pair from Split(the Venetian/Italian term is Spalato,which

in Romanian means "Washed"):







Valerio_-_Paysan_Morlaques_des_environs_de_Spalato_2,_1864.jpg


"The Illyrian name(Splaunon, Splanum, Splanistae) of the town Split (‘Spalato’ in Italian) – whichprobably meant ‘town washed by the sea’ – verifies that another variant of the rootword *pleu was once *spleu, as shown – besides Romanian and Albanian – in theGerman word spülen (rinse)"


http://www.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de/index.php/zfb/article/viewFile/15/15


EDIT:

The morlachs were of Orthodox faith,mostly.

EDIT2:

A pattern of straightness.Should we try it again?

http://www.academia.edu/7453833/Bei..._of_the_Ottoman_Balkans_15th_-18th_Centuries_
 

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Markeri STR autozomali





versus Valahia Transilvania Moldova Dobrogea
România (București) [91] 10 10 0 10
Turcia [92] 20 55,55 44,44 22,22
Grecia [53] 7,69 - - 7,69
Italia [55] 23,07 - - 0
Croația [51] 0 - - -
Serbia [81] 0 6,66 6,66 0
Ungaria (Budapesta) [33] 62,5 62,5 37,5 -
Polonia [93] 73,33 66,66 33,33 -
Belarus [79] 100 100 70 60

0-related groups


100-unrealted groups

Source:Florin Stanciu"Analiza genetică a populațiilor umane de pe teritoriul României folosind markeri STR"


Sample size:5777

EDIT:

The blood samples were taken from the suspects,victims or witnesses involved in trials,the database was provided by the National Agency of the Prisons(pg.12)
 
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To our Albanian girls:


There seem to be no other papers,and yet,I know what you did last summer,you won't get away,


"Another Romanian vernacular word is dandur (stranger) inthe Transylvanian dialect, of which no mention has been made so far and whoseAlbanian origin is also proved by István Schütz. This word also provides importantdata concerning the length of the Albanian-Romanian symbiosis and the assumptionthat the Romanians wandered from the Balkan Peninsula to the north in severalwaves, rather than all at once. The meaning of the Albanian base word dhëndër (inthe northern dialect dhânder) is son-in-law. We could ask with good reason: howcould such a great semantic change take place? Here is the way István Schütz argues:We can only understand this semantic transformation if we know the unwritten maritallaws that are still alive in the villages of Albanian uplands. [...] According to these rules,the boy brought his wife to the paternal home, but the girl was taken to her groom’sfather house, irrespective of whether he had won her by marital agreement or simplyrobbed her from her parents. [...] The wedding proposal and the redemption of theblood-revenge sworn for the robbery were arranged by either the fiancé’s father or theappointed mediators. Also, a host of mediators collected the bride and accompanied herto the groom’s house. Once, this was the first time the boy had seen the face of his futurewife. Three days after the wedding, the young wife visited her parents, accompaniedby her friends. However, the husband did not enter his father-in-law’s house.Thus, he remained a stranger in the eye of the girl’s family. The fact that the Albanianword was borrowed in the meaning ‘stranger’ clearly shows that the ancestors of today’sTransylvanian Romanians once lived in the neighbourhood of or mingled withAlbanian highlanders, and also knew their local customs "

http://www.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de/index.php/zfb/article/viewFile/15/15




,with this:

https://books.google.ro/books?id=97...epage&q=valentinian marriage polygamy&f=false


EDIT:

"In the medieval period, multiple wives were often obtained through kidnapping."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity
 
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Important words(mostly of Classical Latin origin) that reveal a more civilized background:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scrie


https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ști

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/măiestru#Romanian

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boare

Latin sOl Romanian sOAre


Latin bOreas Romanian bOAre

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biserică

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/înțelege

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuget

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jude#Romanian

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merge

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mergo#Latin




They had escaped from the absolute shepherdry(Vlachization),the 6-7 th c. Roman-Byzantine decentralization,caused by the Slavic-Avar invasions,and the Slavic influences.

Jewelry terms without Albanian correspondences:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inel


https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cercel


https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brățară#Romanian


Just a thought:wouldn't this semantic change imply a military environment(it certainly wouldn't be the only one),having the meaning "keep it low profile,cause the enemy will see you"?

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mergo
 
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Just a thought:wouldn't this semantic change imply a military environment(it certainly wouldn't be the only one),having the meaning "keep it low profile,cause the enemy will see you"?

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mergo




This shift could had involved the (Danube) marshlands too,since Latin "mergo" refers to tacking some actions into the water(I dip (in), immerse; plunge into water; overwhelm, cover, bury, drown,I sink down or in, plunge, thrust, drive or fix in I engulf, flood, swallow up, overwhelm.)


In the Roman times,the military activity seems to had overlapped with the swampland environment(mostly on the Danube limes),and this association is also present in another duo, "paludem-padure":

http://www.christopherculver.com/la...rallels-location-proto-albanian-urheimat.html



The Huns and the Avars were skilful besiegers,so the city-dwellers too could've taken refuge into the swamp's forests.


But the military factor might've been also involved in this process,maybe sometimes alongside the civilian one:the strategy would had involved ambushes, by using an unfamiliar environment for the steppe-people,but also to withdraw to safety for a better regroup.


A very interesting semantic difference between these two substratum correspondences,Romanian "mal"(shore,bank),which in Albanian means "mountain", could've marked the initial geographical distribution pattern of the two populations.

http://www.academia.edu/5766282/Common_Lexic_in_Romanian_and_Albanian._Substrate_and_Loanwords


The Albanians too would've been (temporarly) disclosed from their environment(the mountains) by the invasions or summoned to help protect the limes,thus,learning how to "walk" into the "swamp-forest".


Eventually ,both the Romanians and the Albanians had lost the swamps to the Slavs,withdrew into each owns mountains(because we have always had two languages),but they had returned to descend in it once again,where they had very few early contacts(possibly as temporary "guests"-the Slavs used to release their prisoners after a while;or maybe it was the movement caused by the transhumance) with the Early (Danubian) Slavs,as it is testified by this Early Slavic loan,before the metathesis of the liquids:"balta"(swamp).

http://www.romanfrontier.eu/en/about-limes/frontier-stories-rhine-and-danube

http://www.danubeparks.org/?story=10

https://www.icpdr.org/main/issues/wetlands

https://books.google.ro/books?id=qT...v=onepage&q=roman settlers yugoslavia&f=false

EDIT:These are my ideas.

EDIT2:

The Romanians were inland people,because the autochthonous "mal" mainly refers to a river or lake bank,while the Latin "tarm" designates the sea shore.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/țărm#Romanian

EDIT2.1:

For the Romanians,the sea shore(tarm,from Latin terminus) was nothing more than an abstract notion designating the end of the land.
 
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"Without an own state, the Aromanians or the Vlachs were mentioned
in the Byzantine sources only when they came to be involved in some
way into the political and military history of the empire.
In Macedonia, they were mentioned for the first time with the
occasion of an event happened in 976. Several Vlachs called hoditai
(“travelers”) killed David, the brother of the future Bulgarian tsar
Samuel, on the road between Prespa and Kastoria. This testimony
comes from an interpolation in the chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes
made by an unknown copyist who was obviously accustomed with
the local history of Macedonia.1 According to Werner Seibt, the
information comes from the lost work of Theodore of Sebasteia, who
wrote a biography of Basil II2. The word hoditai, which does not mean
“nomads”, concerns the same people who were recorded in the Serbian
sources with the name kjelatori, involved in the military transportation.
The name kjelatori renders the Romanian word of Latin origin călători
(“travelers”). Mathias Gyóni, Radu C. Lăzărescu and Achille Lazarou
sustained that the Vlachs guilty for that murder were guards of the
military road and that they acted as representatives of the Byzantine
authority against the rebelled Bulgarians3. If this information remains


questionable, there is another source that reveals the beginning of the
Vlach military units in the Byzantine army. Kekaumenos, the aristocrat
from Larissa, has remembered that his grandfather, Niculitzas, was
in the year 980 the commander of the Vlachs settled in the Hellas
theme. This Niculitzas, who was the duke of that province, was also
appointed by the emperor Basil II as archon of these Vlachs4. His title
of duke is an anachronism, because the commander of Hellas was
called strategos in Taktikon Scorialensis (975)5. During the lifetime
of Kekaumenos, the themes were no more ruled by strategoi, but by
dukes or katepanoi. Since the oral tradition from Larissa recorded that
his grandfather was the chief of that province, Kekaumenos believed
he was a duke.
The fragment belongs to the section Logos basilikos, considered a
different work by the last editor6. Even so scarce, the information is,
as has shown the Romanian Byzantinist George Murnu, a proof that a
particular territory existed in the theme of Hellas, a region that could
be called Vlachia. Actually, the source tells even more if it is read with
more attention. The function bestowed to Niculitzas in 980 was the
command over an army corps recruited from the local Vlachs7. This
function was received in exchange to the previous one, domestikos of
the Exkubitors from the Hellas theme, which was given by Basil II to


a German nobleman established in the empire. The Exkubitors were
one of the fourth cavalry tagmata of the imperial guard established
by Constantine V. In the 10th century, these elite troops were no more
settled in Constantinople, being spread in various provinces which
required a better defense8. Larissa remained in the following decades
the garrison of the Excubitores unit. One of the chiefs of the rebellion
of 1066, Theodore Petastos, was a skribon, the third officer in the
structure of the tagma of Excubitors.9 It is obvious that Niculitzas was
not downgraded, and this means that his new function was of a same
kind, the command over a tagma. In that time, besides the troops that
composed the army of a theme (peasant stratiotes who were mobilized
when it was needed), some provinces had a permanent force, a kernel
to which these stratiotes were added in the wartime. These permanent
units were called too tagmata10. The Vlachs commanded by Niculitzas
were most probable such a tagma. Being an important part of the
population of Thessaly and being good horsemen because their way of
life, it was normal that some of them were recruited in these permanent
elite forces."

https://www.academia.edu/18072996/V...14_Edited_by_Mitko_B._Panov_Skopje_2015_47-55


"Simultaneously, the existence of the hussars "inherited" from the Byzantine military
machinery of the 10th century intermediated through the Balkan can likely be detected in
the southern border regions of Hungary in the 14th century. In other words, not only the
ancestors of the succeeding Hungarian hussars should be traced among the Southern Slav
warriors fleeing from the Ottoman Empire, but also the Southern Slav or Vlach population
that served in the royal army of the Southern Banat regions might have belonged to them."


https://www.academia.edu/4141874/FR...HE_HUSSARS_LIGHT_CAVALRY_IN_MEDIAEVAL_HUNGARY




"The Vlachs were particularly suitable for the Ottoman government's purposes,
not only because they were mobile (their typical occupations were shepherding,
horse-breeding and organizing transport for traders), but also because they
had a strong military tradition".




Other Byzantine writers refer to to the transhumance of the Vlachs,
and medieval Serbian documents refer to them as shepherds and kjelatori --
a version of the Latin calator, "packhorse-leader", surviving in modern Vlach
as calator, "traveller". Their only other distinctive occupation at that period
was fighting: as hardy mountain-dwellers they were valued for their stamina,
and their supply of horses made them useful adjuncts to any military campaign.
The Byzantine authorities seem not to have trusted them very much, and generally
used them as auxiliaries; sometimes they functioned as quite independent irregular troops




Most of these early Dalmatian and Bosnian Vlachs seem to have led quiet, secluded lives in the mountains.But in Hercegovina itself, where there was a large concentration of Vlachs, a more military and aggressive tradition developed. There are many complaints in Ragusan records of raids by these neighboring Vlachs during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Vlachs of Hercegovina were horse-breeders and caravan-leaders who,
when they were not engaged in plunder, grew rich out of the trade between Ragusa and mines of Bosnia; some ofthem were probably responsible for commissioning the imposing Bosnian stone tombstones or stecci decorated with carvings of horsemen. Their trading links to the east must have brought them more into contact with the Vlach peoples
of Serbia and Bulgaria, who had long traditions of military activity in the armies of the Byzantine emperors and Serbian kings."

http://www.farsarotul.org/nl16_1.htm


https://books.google.ro/books?id=3o...slovak latin cursores cavalry robbers&f=false






The Vlach riding tradition has surely an earlier origin than the Byzantine era,since turma exclusively referred to cavalry
only in the Imperial Age.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turma

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turmă

Edit:

And alot of Latin words have been preserved in this respect.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cal

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buiestru

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capistrum

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sella

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/admissarius

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roib

Regarding buiestru,the first of the proposed etimologies seems the closest,since the suffix is Latin-derived,as in maiestru or capastru,
not to mention the obvious semantic origin- the fetter.

Edit2:

https://books.google.ro/books?id=2W...oQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=vlach horsemen&f=false
 
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"Between Kastoria and Prespa in the year 976 an incident occurred, resulting in the death of the brother of the Bulgarian or Macedonian emperor Samuel at the hands of Vlach highwaymen.
This is the first mention of the Vlachs in history."

http://www.farsarotul.org/nl30_2.htm

https://books.google.ro/books?id=-7...TAC#v=onepage&q=vlachs 976 highwaymen&f=false


"The four brothers David, Moses, Aron and Samuel of the Cometopuli dynasty ruled in the free territories and in 976 launched a major offensive against the Byzantines to regain the lost lands"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria




"The core of the army consisted of armoured Boyars and Bulgar horse archers supplemented by Vlach cavalry and Cuman horse archers. "


http://www.balkanhistory.com/medieval.htm




Regardless of their supposed habit,the Vlachs who killed David were military men,enlisted by the Byzantines to fight against the Bulgarians,while others did quite the opposite.


They had a heavy military background as it is shown by these Latin words that had semantically developed in the military environment,selected from Cristian Mihail, "Modificari semantice...":

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bătrân

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lingula#Latin

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cumplit

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cumpli#Romanian

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compleo#Latin

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apleca

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/applico#Latin

indupleca(to submit,to persuade),from in+duplicare

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duplico

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/îndupleca#Romanian

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcina

It also means "pregnancy" in Romanian:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcină#Romanian


An alternative solution,without necessarily deviating from Mihail's conclusion.

"Augustus's attempt to raise the birth-rate did not lack precedent in Roman
history. Valerius Maximus teils the story that the censors Camillus and
Postumius, as early as 403 B.C., had fined elderly bachelors for failing to marry
and sire children (Va!. Max. 2.9.1) and Metellus Macedonicus, censor in 131 B.C.,
made a speech urging men to marry and procreate, which was read out to the
Senate by Augustus in support of his own legislation (Suet. Aug. 89.2). However
it seems unlikely that Augustus's attempts to solve the problem were very successfu!.
Tacitus states explicitly that they were not (Tac. Ann. 3.25) and in view of the
fact that the Augustan legislation was reinforced by Domitian and re-enacted in thesecond and third centuries A.D. it seems that the low birth-rate continued. Jones
disagrees with this view and argues that there was a slow but appreciable increase
in the birth-rate following Augustus's legislation.
Nevertheless there is considerable evidence for the existence of
marriages which produced no children at all or only one child, as &lsdon shows
a.p.V.D. Balsdon, Roman Women [London 1962] pp. 194ff.)."

http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.de/128/Devine.pdf

EDIT:

A consequence of a multitask legion?(Romanian copil=child,Albanian kopil=bastard)


https://powerimagepropaganda.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/dillon-2006.pdf

:(

Or just Thracians?(The child as a burden)

"they sell their children and let their maidens commerce with whatever men they please"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians

https://books.google.ro/books?id=5x...KTAC#v=onepage&q=thracians child born&f=false


sarcinam effundit, i. e. brings forth, Ph

http://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=1014627
 
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The Vlachs from historical Poland,Ukraine and Russia




from "The Annals of UVAN,vol.IV-V,1955"


"During the Great Northern War (1700-1721) a considerable
number of Moldavians served in the Russian army"(pg.40)


"The Hungarian and Moldavian regiments, formed from these recruits, were stationed
in the Ukraine"(pg.40)




"In October 1751, Khorvat brought the first party of settlers to
Kiev, which at that time was the gathering and distributing point
for all foreign immigrants; it numbered only 208 people, including
women and children. Khorvat proceeded to St. Petersburg,
wThere he submitted a more detailed plan of colonization. This
time, he proposed to settle sixteen thousand people instead of
the original figure of three thousand, to be divided into four
regiments, two Hussar and two Pandur infantry, each of four
thousand people. In addition to the Serbs, Khorvat intended to
recruit Macedonians, Moldavians and persons of other nationalities."(pg.44)


"By orders of Ševic and Preradovic,
up to one hundred Moldavian and Walachian families were
settled in winter quarters and farmsteads of the Ukrainian villages
of Nyzhnye on the Sivers’kyi Donets in 1754, where they
founded Nyzhnya settlements."pg.72


"When in 1763 the Senate authorized Khorvat to admit
Bulgarian and Moldavian settlers living in Poland, it enjoined
both him and Glebov to watch that no Poles moved in with these
colonists"pg.80


It appears from the proposal submitted by Khorvat to the
government as well as from the charter granted to him on January
11, 1752 that the immigrants to Russia were to be of “Serbian,
Macedonian, Bulgarian and Moldavian nationality” and Orthodox
faith(pg.102)




The planned exodus of the Moldavians alarmed the Porte. In
1753, the pasha of Bendery approached the Polish authority and
demanded that the Moldavians heading for Nova Serbiya through
Poland be stopped and returned to Bendery. Tatar posts were
set up along the border to intercept the emigrants. Vasyl Movchan,
who reported to the Russian government on the situation
in Bendery, wrote to the Vice-Governor of Kiev, Kostyuryn,
that “everybody has rebelled” in Moldavia and “they all are
fleeing there [i. e., to Nova Serbiya].”328 It must be added, however,
that the practical value of this undertaking was slight,
since only a few Moldavians and Vlakhs settled in Nova Serbiya
this time.(pg.104)




"At a later date a fourth regiment, the Moldavian Hussar,
was settled in the Yelizavetgrad district(pg.188)


"In the Catherine district the land was divided among various
regiments. At first, it was decided in 1764 to form one
Hussar regiment out of the two formerly commanded by Ševic
and Preradovic, to add three Lancer regiments to it, and to
move the Moldavian Hussar regiment from Kiev"(pg.188)




By 1765, the activity of the special recruiting agents had
become energetic. Colonel Filipových, assisted by a certain
Myrolyub, Major Bashkovych, Lieutenants Roste, Stefanov,
Chechuliy, Ratmet, Nikolayev, Fedorov and others were sent
abroad in that year. They recruited Moldavians and Vlakhs,
Bulgarians, Greeks, Prussians, and “the Emperor’s subjects”
(inhabitants of the Austrian Empire)All new colonistst
were first settled in Kiev’s Podol. From there, they were
distributed among the various provinces, including New Russia.(pg.250-251)






"Many Vlakhs and Moldavians arrived in the New Russia
province between 1760 and 1770. Jassy and Focsani lost a
large percentage of their population by 1765 and the whole
monastery of Buzuluk moved to New Russia. The movement
of Vlakhs and Moldavians increased during the Turkish War,
since Moldavians serving in the Turkish army were eager to desert
and settle in New Russia. For instance, a large Moldavian
and Walachian unit commanded by Skarzhyns’ki moved to
New Russia and was allotted lands along the Southern Bug,
forming the nucleus of the Bug regiment.101
Colonel Vasili Lupul-Zverev, an officer of the Russian army,
was particularly active in persuading Moldavians to migrate
to the New Russia province. Acting in the name of the Russian
government, he dispatched a number of manifestoes in
1769, stating that Catherine II had appointed him “to receive
and escort people of his nationality into i:he Nova Serbiya
land.” Lupul-Zverev advised all Moldavians to leave the Tu rk ish
army and become subjects of the “Orthodox Empress.”
Later, Lupul-Zverev claimed to have recruited over 30,000
Moldavians between 1769 and 1771
These immigrants were
organized into a Moldavian regiment
"(pg.253)


In all, Lupul-
Zverev settled over 15,000 people."(pg.254)




"Güldenstädt remarks that Moldavians and Vlakhs were RAPIDLY
ASSIMILATED among the Ukrainian population and differed
little from the Ukrainians in customs and dress"(pg.254)
 
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"Further extensive colonization took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Polish princes of Podolia encouraging the creation of large farms by Moldavian boyars;and in the eighteenth century, Russian generals took back with them from their campaigns against the Turks, enormous numbers of Roumanian peasants. In 1739, Gen. Munnich carried back with him 100,000 Roumanian peasants, according to the memoirs of Trenck, his companion; and_ in 1792, another great immigration took place. As a result, it is reckoned that there are probably half a million Roumanian peasants in Russia east of the Dniester."






https://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_29.shtml


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolokhoveni

https://books.google.ro/books?id=WD...v=onepage&q=andronikos vlachs galicia&f=false



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magura_National_Park


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podhale-Magura_Area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magura_Cave

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/măgură




http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131682/figure/F2/


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131682/






http://www.academia.edu/4388454/Kumans_and_Vlachs

about the "tower"(=fortress):

https://books.google.ro/books?id=Lv...v=onepage&q=dobromir chrysos fortress&f=false


https://books.google.ro/books?id=tM...v=onepage&q=vlachs fortress byzantine&f=false

"Since the Vlachs were faithfully fulfilling castle service, they were given
istimâlet, and their harâc was settled at the amount of 80 akçes like the filuri tax.87
In some instances, istimâlet included confessional concessions as well, such as a
right to possess churches, and the like. According to a report of Evliya Çelebi
in the mid-17th century, a regiment of the Vlachs numbering 1.000, was engaged
in the repair of the Buda’s castle, in addition to tax reductions, i.e., exemption
of the tekâlif-i örfiye tax, possessed three “Vlach churches” (üç aded kenîse-i
Eflakân) in Buda."("Being An Ottoman Vlach")


about the "tower" and the fitting into the Roman military-lowland(swampland) pattern(which was very closed to the highland one,especially along the Danube, Sava and Morava,because the Slavs had used the Roman roads and the Balkan valleys in their expansion):

http://www.staraplanina.eu/Balkan-mountains--map.htm

https://books.google.ro/books?id=qT...v=onepage&q=roman settlers yugoslavia&f=false




"[The Vlachs] never kept their word to anyone, not even to the ancient Roman Emperors. Having been attacked in war by Emperor Trajan and having been defeated totally, they were subdued and their King, named Decebal, was killed and his head was put on a pike and brought to the city of the Romans. These [Vlachs] are, in fact, the so-called Dacians, also called Bessians [Bessoi]. Earlier they lived in the vicinity of the Danube and Saos, a river which we now call Sava, where the Serbians live today, and [later] withdrew to their inaccessible fortifications. Relying upon these fortifications, they feigned friendship and submission to the ancient Roman Emperors and then swept down from their strongholds and plundered the Roman provinces. Therefore, the exasperated Romans crushed them. And these left the region: some of them were dispersed to Epirus and Macedonia, and a large number established themselves in Hellas"

http://www.promacedonia.org/en/ei/ei_1.htm


"Dacians"(geographical)=the northern/north-western frontier of Diocese of Dacia,the Danube and Sava

"Bessi"(geographical)=the Upper Morava valley,western Bulgaria and the eastern part of Republic of Macedonia

The Romans and the Ancient Roman Emperors=The Byzantines,Romaioi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illyricum_&_Dacia_-_AD_400.png

"Finally, according to Ce-caumenos, the Vlachs are descendants of the Daciansand Bessi, thus geographically localizing the Bessi
to the territory where the Vlachs settled later, which isalmost identical to the territory with cemeteries withrectangular vessels finds"

http://www.academia.edu/1305850/Rec...y_of_prehistoric_traditions_during_the_Roman_





 
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The Vlachs were nomads of Dacian origin according to Kekaumenos as you say. So the theory that they were latinized Greeks is wrong. This theory became popular in Greece since most of the Vlachs of Greece adopted a Greek (Hellenic) national identity. Τhe greek text says that before they lived "near (πλησίον) Danube and Sava". What do you think about the reference "where the Serbians live today"?

I 've read that Romanian, Albanian and Bulgrarian have one similarity. They have "definite articles" as suffixes. I've also read about an hypothesis that Albanian comes from "Daco-mysian" and that it has more similarities with Eastern Balkan Romance languages than with the extinct Dalmatian. So, that might say something about the origins of Albanian language.

The Greeks of Greece were calling themselves "Romii" (=Romans) and they were calling the Aromanians "Vlachs". Whereas the Aromanians were calling themselves "Armun" and the Greeks "Grek".
 
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The Vlachs were nomads of Dacian origin according to Kekaumenos as you say. So the theory that they were latinized Greeks is wrong. This theory became popular in Greece since most of the Vlachs of Greece adopted a Greek (Hellenic) national identity. Τhe greek text says that before they lived "near (πλησίον) Danube and Sava". What do you think about the reference "where the Serbians live today"?

I 've read that Romanian, Albanian and Bulgrarian have one similarity. They have "definite articles" as suffixes. I've also read about an hypothesis that Albanian comes from "Daco-mysian" and that it has more similarities with Eastern Balkan Romance languages than with the extinct Dalmatian. So, that might say something about the origins of Albanian language.

The Greeks of Greece were calling themselves "Romii" (=Romans) and they were calling the Aromanians "Vlachs". Whereas the "Aromanians" were calling themselves "Armun" and the Greeks "Grek".


Vlachs is general term for all Latin Speaking populations of Balkans,
there are many Theories, Like
Vilachs, from Latin Villas
Wallachs from Wallachia
Generally are considered :
1) ex-Roman Legeoners like the Pharsallos Vlachs Thessaly who come from Roman Legions retired and Desband to create 4rth Macedonica Legion (Vespacian)
2) Illyrian tribes, Illyrian spoke Celtic languages and not Albanian, specially around West and North parts of Makedonia Nova Epirus, and FYROM.
3) Cingueari from Legion V cantral and east Makedonia Fyrom and Bulgaria,
4) Local balcanic population that work or lived at Roman Villas so mixed with Roman/Latin speakers
5) Local Balkanic populations that were latinised by Flavians, Flavians ruled Blakns and Con/polis for centuries, and officially state language was Roman/Latin
Flavians wrote CODEXes and not Kanones-Nomoi (Κανονες-Nομοι)
6) Few remants from Crusades spoted in few certain places

Vlachs in some areas means peasant (villager)
Their inner names are from language they use. like Aromani, Armanesti
there are group of Vlachs that have no connection among each other, and certify the difference among the tribes

Romania was latinised due to heavy Roman legions occupation, and goverment and education
Romania was Getto-Thracian speaking, and also has quite significant Slavic population, although speaks Latin

Even among MoschoVlachs, KoutsoVlachs MegleVlachs MoesioVlachs etc (big Aromanian tribes) etc lingusitic differences exist due to the origin of population
searching the village they come from you will see either a Historical legion disband, either a long time military camp, either elite Roman rulers fields and villages or cities (Λατιφουντια)


PS
the origin of termination Vlach or βλαχος is still not certified
possibly origins
1) well considering that are connected with Latin language many believe that is connected with Latin word for small self-suficient foundations call Villas
2) the connectivity of Armanesti with Romanian gave some the idea that has to do with Wallachia, area where Herodotus puts Keltos to Live
3) searching older IE tribes connectivity we see that Galates spoke Belgae, Galates were Gauls, but that G with B and W have a coonection,
Walles Walloons Wallachs are all conected Galates Keltes, probably has to do with a word for speak, yell, and possibly meant tongue/language
compare yell Wall Gaul Kel and Γλωσσα
4) it is certified that at Thessaly area at Pharsallos Roman Vespasian gave lands to disbanded Legions, Pharsallos is the same word with Versailles (compare Verenika-Pherenike)
 
Romanian "mare"(big,large,great,important;referring to objects and people as well) is a Latin-derived word(the morphology obviously points to this;similar to "tare" and others),developed in Thracian circumstances and backuped by the Germanic presence.


The semantic difference seems pretty big , since this word comes from Latin "mas/maris"(a male),but it must be considered the Pre-Roman way of thinking/life,where we have the following equation,


"big men= important/great men",and Pyrmerulas is not an exception from this rule,it's about the "Big Maize" as a demanded good harvest,as well as the"Great Maize",the divine messenger that ensures it.




"The epithet Pyrumerulas (variants: Pyrmerulas, Pyrymerylas, Pirmerulas), which occurs as an epithet of the Thracian deity of Heros,
is obviously a two-component word. The first component is linked to the Greek pyrós ‘maize, corn’ from the IE *puro-,
compare also to the Lith. purai ‘winter maize’, the Latv. puri ‘maize’, the Church Slavonic peiro ‘spelt’, etc.;
the second component is an extension of the stem of the IE verb *mer- ‘big, great’ in Slavic personal names, ending in -mer (Vladimer),
the Old-HighGerman -mar in names suc as Volk-mar, Hlodo-mar, the Gal. -maros in names as Nerto-maros ‘great-in-strength’, the Old-Icel. mar ‘big’."


http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_4d.html


"mer- ‘large, great’ [Church Slavic personal name Vladi-mer, Old-HighGerman Volk-mar, Hlodo-mar, Old-Icel. mar ‘big’]."

http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_5.html




"But the strongholds which now stand beyond Pontes he himself built new;
these are named p275Mareburgou and Susiana, Harmata and Timena, and Theodoropolis, Stiliburgou and Halicaniburgou."


"Nor did he neglect the fort named Burgualtu, which previously was desolate and wholly without inhabitants,
but also surrounded with a new circuit-wall another place which they call Gombes."

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/4B*.html


Mareburgu=Big Fortress


Burgualtu=High Fortress


The source of Aromanian"mare/mari" might've been Kekaumenos' "Dacians".


This word is absent in Albanian,a language that has many Latin loans of Romanian type.



English meaning: big, important
Deutsche Ubersetzung: “gros, ansehnlich”
Material: Positiv me-ro-s, mo-ro-s: Gk. -miros “big, large (?) in
Speerwerfen” under likewise, O.Ir. mor (das o from dem comparative), mar “big, large”,
Welsh mawr “big, large”, Bret. meur ds., Gaul. -maros in Eigennamen as Nerto-maros (“big,
large in power “); with e O.H.G. -mar in names as Volk-mar etc., further das denominative
Gmc. *merjan “*as gros darstellen, vaunt “, from which “kunden”: Goth. merjan, O.S.
marian, O.H.G. maren, O.N. maera “ announce, declare “, wherefore Ger. Mar, Marchen
under likewise, as well as das post-verbal adj. O.H.G. O.S. mari “illustrious, gleaming”, O.E.
maere, O.N. maerr ds., Goth. waila-mereis “from gutem shout, call”;
Slav. -meri in names as Vladi-meri(Pokorny)


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The Celts were no longer present in the area after the campaigns of Burebista.


Regardless of the adoption of "burg" by the Romans and Byzantines,Stilliburgou and Halicaniburgou are obviously Germanic.


" In the older literature it was often thought that the Iron Gate region was inhabited predominantly by the Scordisci. According to the Roman historian Appian, after their defeat in 84 BC, the surviving groups of the Scordisci withdrew to the south bank of the river and to some islands in the stream. New excavations, however, suggest that the Scordisci left behind few traces in these places and most likely settled much farther to the west in the modern region of Srem. The Iron Gate, in general terms, was the territory of the Dacians and the Getae, tribes that were united about the middle of the first century BC under the leadership of Burebista into a cohesive and strong confederation, which was a clear forerunner of the Dacian state whose strength the Romans were to experience to their disadvantage in the first century AD"

http://danube-cooperation.com/danubius/2012/06/12/roman-limes-frontier-line-of-the-roman-empire-in-the-iron-gate-area/
 
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