As recently as a few decades ago most of the developed world was still using asbestos, an extremely carcinogenic substance, as an insulator for constructions. There are dozens of
insulating materials, such as mineral wool, fiberglass/glass wool, plastics (polyurethanes, polyisocyanurate, polyethylene), cellulose, concrete, and basic natural materials (cork, wood fiber, cardboard, straw, wool).
The problem is how thick layers have to be to useful either as thermic or phonic insulators. I am surprised that more efficient insulators have not been invented yet. I dream of a world where
bricks, plaster or painting would be self-insulating thanks to the addition of an efficient new chemical structure (safe for health) into their composition. Insulation will become one of the most important things in our future as the human population grows cities get more crowded.
The importance of noise pollution on health, well-being and mental efficiency is still vastly underestimated by too many people. It should be vital to be able to sleep (and work) in a perfectly quiet environment, which is close to impossible nowadays except if one goes live in an extremely remote place, far away from any sign of civilization (cars, trucks, aeroplanes).
Energy must be preserved, and insulation already makes it possible to keep a construction cool by hot weather and warm when it is cold outside - so basically have a
passive building, something all of us should aspire to.
To keep insulating materials safe, it might be a good idea to copy natural materials (such as cork) and improve them by creating a similar but denser chemical structure. The idea would be to develop a new "magic" composite material like Kevlar, but for insulation.
The best thermic insulator developed so far is
aerogel. The main problem is that it can be carcinogenic, depending on what it is made of. If they could work a way of making construction bricks from aerogel, or filling regular bricks with aerogel, or even better mix aerogel with concrete, with the clay of bricks or with the plaster in wall, we might get rid completely of cumbersome and less efficient insulators like those mentioned above.
Phonic isolation is much harder to achieve with thin layers though. It's really time to start working on something.