I have added new populations in the Y-DNA tables: the island of Gotland in Sweden, the Saami (Finland+Sweden+Norway), and the six main ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region in Russia: the Chuvashs, Komi, Mari, Mordvins, Tatars, and Udmurts.
Gotland distinguishes itself by its extremely high level of haplogroup I1 (50%) - the highest recorded, although Värmland (central-western Sweden) come close with about 45%.
The Saami (Lapps) are very close to the Finns, but with a bit less N1c1 and a bit more R1a and R1b. That is almost certainly due to intermarriages with Swedes and Norwegians. The highest frequency of R1a and R1b is found among the Saami of northern Sweden.
The Volga-Ural ethnicities are surprisingly distinct from one another.
The northern Komi, Mari and Udmurts are the closest with one another. They mostly Uralic/Siberian, with percentages of haplogroup N ranging between 50% and 67%, and seem to have a fairly recent European Russian admixture, which already incorporates relatively high levels of Scandinavian I1 (and even a bit of I2-M223 for the Udmurts). The admixture must therefore date from after the Viking era, in the last 1000 years.
The Mordvins, Tatars and Chuvashes all have typical European Russian admixture (mostly R1a, with some I1, I2a and R1b). They also all carry between 20 and 30% of Middle Eastern or Balkanic Y-DNA (haplogroups E1b1b, G2a, J2 and T), considerably more than European Russians. Unfortunately the main study about these peoples (Tambets et al. 2004) does not include the detail about other haplogroups than I, R1a, R1b, N and Q.
Tatarstan is said to have been settled by Islamised Bulgars. Considering their high percentages of haplogroups G (not necessarily G2a), J2 and T, these Bulgars from Central Asia might have carried a substantial number of Persian lineages.
The particularity of the Mordvins is their high levels of haplogroups R1b (13.5%), I1 (12%) and I2-M223 (5%), which combined with 26.5% of R1a could mean that they are not just blended with European Russians, but with an even higher percentage of Swedish Vikings, accounting for perhaps 40 to 45% of male lineages. That would explain their high incidence of blue eyes and brown or red hair as opposed to the dominant black in the Volga-Ural region. Blond hair would have been lost with the high percentage of Siberian admixture.
The Bashkirs, which were already listed in the Y-DNA tables, are the most interesting in my eyes because they are the only ones that appear to completely lack Russian or Scandinavian admixture, due to the complete absence of haplogroup I. Their extremely high frequency of R1b (up to 55% in south-east Bashkortostan) is not the typical European R1b-M269 either, but the Central Asian M73. They are therefore probably the direct descendants of the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age R1b that migrated from the Caucasus to the Volga-Ural region and who expanded over Siberia and Central Asia, notably through the Andronovo culture (see history of R1b-M73). Apart from R1b, the Bashkirs have very little Middle Eastern Y-DNA, just 0.5% of G (I would guess G2a3b1) and 2% of J2 (I'd say J2b2).
Gotland distinguishes itself by its extremely high level of haplogroup I1 (50%) - the highest recorded, although Värmland (central-western Sweden) come close with about 45%.
The Saami (Lapps) are very close to the Finns, but with a bit less N1c1 and a bit more R1a and R1b. That is almost certainly due to intermarriages with Swedes and Norwegians. The highest frequency of R1a and R1b is found among the Saami of northern Sweden.
The Volga-Ural ethnicities are surprisingly distinct from one another.
The northern Komi, Mari and Udmurts are the closest with one another. They mostly Uralic/Siberian, with percentages of haplogroup N ranging between 50% and 67%, and seem to have a fairly recent European Russian admixture, which already incorporates relatively high levels of Scandinavian I1 (and even a bit of I2-M223 for the Udmurts). The admixture must therefore date from after the Viking era, in the last 1000 years.
The Mordvins, Tatars and Chuvashes all have typical European Russian admixture (mostly R1a, with some I1, I2a and R1b). They also all carry between 20 and 30% of Middle Eastern or Balkanic Y-DNA (haplogroups E1b1b, G2a, J2 and T), considerably more than European Russians. Unfortunately the main study about these peoples (Tambets et al. 2004) does not include the detail about other haplogroups than I, R1a, R1b, N and Q.
Tatarstan is said to have been settled by Islamised Bulgars. Considering their high percentages of haplogroups G (not necessarily G2a), J2 and T, these Bulgars from Central Asia might have carried a substantial number of Persian lineages.
The particularity of the Mordvins is their high levels of haplogroups R1b (13.5%), I1 (12%) and I2-M223 (5%), which combined with 26.5% of R1a could mean that they are not just blended with European Russians, but with an even higher percentage of Swedish Vikings, accounting for perhaps 40 to 45% of male lineages. That would explain their high incidence of blue eyes and brown or red hair as opposed to the dominant black in the Volga-Ural region. Blond hair would have been lost with the high percentage of Siberian admixture.
The Bashkirs, which were already listed in the Y-DNA tables, are the most interesting in my eyes because they are the only ones that appear to completely lack Russian or Scandinavian admixture, due to the complete absence of haplogroup I. Their extremely high frequency of R1b (up to 55% in south-east Bashkortostan) is not the typical European R1b-M269 either, but the Central Asian M73. They are therefore probably the direct descendants of the Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age R1b that migrated from the Caucasus to the Volga-Ural region and who expanded over Siberia and Central Asia, notably through the Andronovo culture (see history of R1b-M73). Apart from R1b, the Bashkirs have very little Middle Eastern Y-DNA, just 0.5% of G (I would guess G2a3b1) and 2% of J2 (I'd say J2b2).