Crime 150+ dead after Terrorist attacks in Paris

The presence of troops of the Albanian National Liberation Army in the area is confirmed by an American report of the 25th March to the effect that the 5th Division of the Albanian National Liberation Army was in the Kosovo with its headquarters at Kosovoska Mitrovica. General Velebit said that in the north-west corner of Macedonia there was a certain amount of brigandage, but this had been the case even before 1941. The Minister for Macedonia made much the same comment.
18. I am sending copies of this despatch to the Resident Minister, Central Mediterranean; His Majesty's Ambassador in Athens; Lieut.-Colonel Clarke, 37 Military Mission, in Bari; and to the British Delegation in Belgrade.


I have, &c.
RALPH SKRINE STEVENSON
[from: Bejtullah D. Destani (ed.), Albania & Kosovo: Political and Ethnic Boundaries, 1867-1946. Documents and Maps. Slough: Archive Editions, 1999, p. 939-944.]

1945
Brigadier Edward Hodgson:
Report on the Present Administration of Albania


Report on the Present Administration of Albania



May 29, 1945
7. The Albanian National Liberation Army

(a) A.N.L.A. strength is estimated at about 60,000 including all personnel under arms.
(e) The Albanian formations previously fighting in Yugoslavia have now been withdrawn to Albania or Kossovo.


[British Foreign Office document, preserved in the National Archives in London (FO 371/48091).]

About the albanian units who fought for the liberation of Yugoslavia:
I will quote you another source, which I have no desire to quote, I am forced, Enver Hoxha. I am an anticomunist and i hate him.

Communist leaders in Eastern countries had a habit that publish their memoirs. They were very careful when talking about international problems, because they knew that their books were read out of the country. For international problems they were correct, the interpretation of those facts was of course ideological. Of course their style of writing causes inconvenience.
http://www.enverhoxha.info/english/books.php
v8d8qThe-Titoites%20.jpg


"I was in Berat when I received the news about the liberation of our beloved capital city, and a little later, the news of the liberation of virtually all Albania. From Berat I issued the order to some other brigades of our triumphant army to cross our state borders and advance into Yugoslavia. There these brigades, together with two other brigades of our army (the 5th and 3rd), which had received orders to cross the border in September and had liberated most of Kosova, were to continue thle war against the German nazis, fighting shoulder to shoulder with the Yugoslav partisan comrades. I instructed our partisans that they must fight unsparingly in complete unity with the Yugoslav partisans and in an internationalist spirit for the liberation of the peoples of Yugoslavia. And the Albanian partisans made the word of their Communist Party a reality. They fought with great heroism in Kosova, Montenegro, Sandjak, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Serbia and Macedonia. In these battles hundreds of our partisans were killed and thousands wounded. But the Titoites trampled with both their feet over their heroism and blood and repaid us with hostility and plots against our Party and our socialist Homeland. Nevertheless, we carried out an internationalist duty, and irrespective of what happens, the peoples of Yugoslavia will never forget this sacrifice which the Albanian people made for them.
I mentioned above our action in sending some units of our army to assist in the liberation of Kosova and the peoples of Yugoslavia in the hot pursuit of the nazi beast.
The entry of our forces finto Kosova once again confirmed the patriotic vitality and undaunted revolutionary spirit of the people of Kosova. What the Tempos and others had been deliberately saying for years on enti about the people of Kosova describing them as «linked with reaction» was quickly refuted. From valiant Kosova, especially after the entry of our forces, 53 000 young men and women filled the ranks of the brigades of the National Liberation Army of Albania and those of Kosova. Although young partisans, they distinguished themselves for their bravery in the war against the nazi-fascists, just like the older partisans. The entry of our brigades brought about that the state power of the national liberation councils, comprised of the finest patriotic sons of Kosova, was extended over the whole province.
However, precisely when the whole of Kosova had turned finto a hotbed of the National Liberation War, suddenly an order Game from Tito's staff that the partisan forces of Albania and those of Kosova should leave Kosova and pursue the nazi enemy «to the north» of Kosova, deep finto Yugoslavia. Our forces carried out this order, becausa they had gone there to pursue fascism until the complete liberation of the peoples of Yugoslavia. But later we were to learn that the purpose of Tito's order about «the pursuit of the enemy in depth» was nothing but an almost precise repetition of that trickery which the kraljs and princes had tried to carry through in the past. in the fight against the Ottoman yoke. Especially when they saw clearly that the Ottoman forces were being routed and Albania was on the eve of independente the kraljs of Serbia and the princes of Montenegro left nothing undone so that the Albanian insurgent forces should leave Kosova which was liberateti and engage themselves as long as possible in the pursuit of the Ottoman torces in other regions «to the south». Their aim was that the Serbo-Montenegrin armies could occupy Kosova and other Albanian regions without meeting the resistance of the Albanian insurgent forces, or even of the Ottoman occupation forces. This is precisely what Tito was doing in 1945. The Titoite forces entered Kosova, liberateti by the forces of our army and the Kosova forces, in order to eliminate the national liberation councils that had been set up and to launch the unrestrained mass terror against the Albanians. These unprecedented reprisals of the Titoites quite rightly caused a great popular revolt which put the «new Yugoslavia» in doubt, because the people of Kosova were not seeing any differente from what they had suffered under the «old Yugoslavia». In this extremely difficult situation the patriotic people of Kosova demanded «the return of the Albanian partisans», with the aim that the situation should be resolved justly and the savage terror stopped. In order to avoid the further complication of the situation Tito and company were obliged to agree to this demand, and the partisans returned. No kind of «organized reactionary» forces, such as the Yugoslav propaganda talked of, were found in Kosova, but a people who welcomed our partisans exactly as if they were carrying out a second liberation of Kosova. Calm was re-established and after this Tito planned new manoeuvres. Now that the war was over, in the new situation he could solve the acute problems in Kosova with his own forces. However, in order to do this, far from the eyes of the world, and especially far from our eyes, fit was necessary that our forces should be finally withdrawn from Kosova and return to Albania. But how? The direct withdrawal of our forces from Kosova over the then state borders would create unpleasant, perhaps grave, scenes for the Titoites. The people of Kosova might rise in revolt again when they saw that the forces of our army were withdrawing. To overcome this stuation Tito again copied the kraljs of the past and staged the need to pursue reactionary bands towards the south, towtds Greece» and for this he sought the «aid» of those forces of ours which were there. We, who stili did not understand Tito's filthy plans, ordered our divisions to act. After they reached the southernmost borders of Macedonia our forces were told that «there was no further need» for them to stay in Yu;oslavia! The border was crassed in the zone of Korça and Preda, far from the eyes of the people of Kosova. Tito and Rankcvié were left free tc operate, as they did, with their barbar)us methods against martyred Kosova.

IV
WITH TITO


Tito's unexpected invitation to go to Belgrade • Official talks between the Albanian and Yugoslav delegations. Discussion of the ques.tion of Kosova and the other Albanian regions in Yugoslavia • Tito aims to gobble up the whole of the Balkans m Policy of extermination in Kosova • Tito's haughtiness and scandalous luxury • About the visits in Croatia and Slovenia • Ceremony in the Presidium of the Yugoslav Skupstina • A meeting with Tito in Bled. HNas Tito» or «Duce a noi!»? • On the Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Aid • «Aid» in driblets.


Looking down from the aircraft on the territory of Montenegro and other regions of Yugoslavia I thought with deep grief and great respect of the hundreds of my partisan comrades who were killed in these parts while fighting the German nazis. On the order which I issued from Berat on the eve of the complete liberation of Albania two divisions of young men and women of Albania crossed the border and won fame in those parts for their heroism, self-sacrifice, discipline, internationalism and fighting skill, in fierce battles with the occupiers. Sitting in the aircraft I thought about those dear Albanian mothers who unhesitatingly sent their sons and daughters to join in the war for the liberation of the Homeland, a war which required these sons and daughters, educated by the Party of communists, to think about and go to shed their blood for the freedom of the neighbouring peoples, too. Thousands returned from these heroic battles, but hundreds fell on the battlefield in the territory of Yugoslavia, and at those moments I thought about the hundreds of Albanian mothers who were waiting for us to bring the sacred remains of their sons and daughters home. «We shall do it!» I said to myself, «It is our duty! They will lie in the most beautiful places in the Homeland where the generations will sing to their glory and heroism throughout history.»* *( The remains of hundreds of our martyrs who fell in Kosova, Montenegro and elsewhere were brought back to Albania and buried in the Cemetery of the Martyrs of the Nation or in the martyrs' cemeteries of the respective districts in 1947 and in 1975.)
[FONT=&quot]The aircraft reached Belgrade and we were looking down on the capital.[/FONT]....."

To put it simple.
Because of the genocide committed by the Serbs, for almost a century, Kosova Albanians were determined to fight the Serbs after the withdrawal of the Germans. To avoid this, the Yugoslav Communists sought the assistance of the Albanian communists. Albanian partisans entered in the province and were welcomed by Kosovo Albanians. They organized communist structures and at the request of Yugoslavs continued operations in Sandzak and Bosnia. After departure the Albanian partisans in the north, in pursuit of Germans, Serbs treacherously entered the province and committed atrocities against Albanians, among them the massacre of the Tivar (Bar).
These two issues are today known to all in Albania and are part of the political debate in Albania between the left and right. Because the right accused Communists as traitors to the national cause. But these are other problems.
 
About the jews:
http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/besa/introduction.asp

Besa: The Promise

tumblr_mzh4foCb7F1rtxb17o1_500.jpg


"There is an expression: Ne bese tane - under your given promise. My life is in your hands. Albania - apologies for any lack of modesty here - is known for this."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)
According to Albanian historian Apostol Kotani, Jews may have first arrived in Albania as early as 70 C.E. as captives on Roman ships that washed up on the country's southern shores. Kotani believes that is was the descendants of these captives that would build the first synagogue in the southern port city of Sarande in the fifth centry.
Following World War I, the few remaining Jews in Albania, lived primarily in Koritsa. By 1930, the national census reported only 204 Jewish inhabitants. Despite this low number, in 1935, British journalist Leo Elton visited Albania and reported to the president of the Hebrew University in Jersualem that Albania an ideal refuge for the Jews. On April 2, 1937, the Jewish community was granted official recognition by the government. The largest Jewish populations were located in Kavaje and Vlora. Approximately, 600 Jews were living in Albania prior to World War II, 400 of whom were refugees.

By the end of the war Albania was home to about 2,000 Jews due to the bravery of Albanian citizens in risking their own lives to provide a haven for the fleeing Jews from neighboring countries. Albania was the only Nazi-occupied territory to experience an increase in Jewish population during the Holocaust.

By January 2011, the Israeli Holocuast Memorial Museum Yad Vashem had recognzied 69 Albanians as Righteous Gentiles - those who helped shetler or save Jews from the Nazi's during the Holocaust.

http://www.cjnews.com/uncategorized/harpers-address-holocaust-remembrance-ceremony

At a national Holocaust Remembrance Day ceremony at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa yesterday, Prime Minister Stephen Harper gave a keynote address to the Jewish community - See more at: Harper's address to Holocaust remembrance ceremony | The Canadian Jewish News

"At the end of today’s ceremony will be the launch of an exhibit from Yad Vashem, on Muslim Albanians who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.
We have much to learn from their example.
Following Nazi occupation in 1943, the Albanians refused to turn over lists of Jews within their borders.
They gave false documents to Jews, to help them avoid detection.
The country protected not only its own Jewish citizens; they welcomed an even larger number of Jewish refugees from neighbouring lands.
As a result, almost all of them were saved.
What is the reason for this magnificent example?
It is besa, a code of honour, the highest ethical code in Albania.
Besa means literally “to keep the promise” – to keep one’s word, to the point of being someone in whom a person in need can entrust his or her very life".



"Rescue in Albania" // Documentary Film

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZ8szhccfZM

Muslim Families Who Saved Jews in World War II

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MdxW6SnVNI

Besa: The Promise - Movie Trailer


Albert Einstein benefited from Albanian help to transit through Europe to America. He stayed in Durrës on the Albanian coast for three days in the royal mansion and then, equipped with an Albanian passport, continued his journey towards the free world.
But not only musslim albanians saved jews, all the albanians helped those peoples.
 
Anyway history is irrelevant to this debate.

There is no problem of Christian terrorism in the world today.

We are dealing with Islamic terrorism now.

Ok, but don`t put all the people at the same bag.
Albanian government as the government of a country NATO is providing assistance in the struggle against terrorism. In coordination with the relevant NATO structures, large quantities of ammunition and weapons are sent to aid the rebel Kurdish.
 
You are incredle.

FT_15.07.24_womenLeadersMap.png


So Modern Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia have been ruled by womens which makes nearly 37% of all Muslims (according to current populations)

How do you explain it? Do 37% of Muslim some kind of masochist so they were ruled by women (who were second class citizen) ?

What are silly answer...........neither you or me will be leaders of anything, why do you want to bring up women in power...........I am talking about every other women, 99% that are second or third class citizens in moslem society, especially arabic women.


How do you know mohammed's idea what much certainly, are you talking with him in your dream? :grin:




Yes, I can.

Let me help you to understand, Quran was written after the Muhammed, so I can totally say that Muhammed didn't see this Quran and didn't give his approval.

Even Satan has been tried to get in Quran

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses

Or there is also goat issue. A goat ate some parts (which is about stoning) of Quran(before collecting and making a book) etc...

Well to all the fools who believe in any writings of religious books, by MEN who have their own agenda, ................you are all brain dead.
People know how to read and write now, they must surely realise these religious books are in majority propaganda , are wrong and are entirely used to subjugate the illiterate to be "enslaved" by practices which GOD did not create.
 
Because of the genocide committed by the Serbs, for almost a century, Kosova Albanians were determined to fight the Serbs after the withdrawal of the Germans.

Deliberate mistakes?

1. Albanians were on Nazi side from the beginning. They were promised the territory of Kosovo for plundering and murder, and they've jumped at it with a smile.
2. Albanians were the one committing ethnic cleansing. Whole world knows what you did in Kosovo from 1950-1990. Numbers speak for themselves:

Kosovo census.jpg

Your intentions are quite clear from your behavior. Lets disregard the Serbs, but why do you persecute all the other ethnic minorities since the occupation of the province in 1999?
 
What are silly answer...........neither you or me will be leaders of anything, why do you want to bring up women in power...........I am talking about every other women, 99% that are second or third class citizens in moslem society, especially arabic women.

I have no idea what kind of drug are you using in Australia :LOL:, but women-men equality is world problem. I will try to focus on other 99% as you wish, my friend.



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imrs.php

Let's criticize women's experience of male physical abuse. Poland, Japan, New Guniea, Spain and Turkey. Let's accept high percent of violence in Belgium because of Muslim immigrants. Will you able to say same thing for Japan, Bolivia and Poland?
map%2Bon%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence.jpg



Before that type charges, please think first. (y)
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perse...5.A1_and_the_wider_Toplica_and_Morava_regions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars
http://espressostalinist.com/genocide/albanian-genocide/
http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html
We have carried out the attempted premeditated murder of an entire nation. We were caught in that criminal act and have been obstructed. Now we have to suffer the punishment.... In the Balkan Wars, Serbia not only doubled its territory, but also its external enemies.
— Dimitrije Tucović
 
I have no idea what kind of drug are you using in Australia :LOL:, but women-men equality is world problem. I will try to focus on other 99% as you wish, my friend.



Screen%20Shot%202014-03-14%20at%203.18.25%20PM_0.png
imrs.php

Let's criticize women's experience of male physical abuse. Poland, Japan, New Guniea, Spain and Turkey. Let's accept high percent of violence in Belgium because of Muslim immigrants. Will you able to say same thing for Japan, Bolivia and Poland?
map%2Bon%2Bdomestic%2Bviolence.jpg



Before that type charges, please think first. (y)



What does violence have to do with equality by law by the constitution of a nation?

You are deflecting the issue ....................get to the legal facts.
 
What does violence have to do with equality by law by the constitution of a nation?

In women issue, being second class citizen and facing violence are parallel issues. Without real social situations, laws don't makes sense. Laws are for giving a order/shape the society. If they can't change the society or keep the order of society, they are just a piece of paper.
 
Not lumping together but justified connection

Very bad scholars, one may add. Scholars that tend to extrapolate where such a thing is not possibly. After regarding such numbers with scrutiny it turns out these "scholars" lumped demographic demise caused by such things as plague together with their figures.

The scholars have every right to make the connection between the inquisitions and witch hunts etc., as well as wars and ill-treatment of natives by colonizers for deaths due to plagues.

There is such a thing as the "germ theory", which says that microorganisms cause infectuous diseases. Indeed we can find evidence in that microorganisms are present and if we give appropriate medication, eg antibiotics, which kill bacteria, we can treat the disease.. in many cases. And associated with this theory is the notion that people have developed immunity over generations so the argument goes that the American natives died because of the introduction of European bugs brought across by the colonialists. This is rubbish. EVERY infant has NO adaptive immunity only inate immunity, which does not discriminate for a particular microbe. So the truth is that there is no bugs that we have become immune to over the generations.

BUT it is worse because even the germ theory is incomplete. It neglects a critical factor and that has to do with the immune system. In states of fear, where there is a perceived external threat or danger the immune system is declined. Normally an external danger only lasts for a short time so the body rationalizes its resources to give the musculature an advantage. It therefore declines the immune, digestive and reproductive systems.

If there is an ongoing danger or threat, especially when it lasts for months or years, then there is a long term decline of immunity with devastating consequences as is seen in ALL plagues throughout history. And it stands in dire contradiction to the excuses and reason given that the microbes came from the East or came from the West, North or South. The population decline may also not be due to simply the death toll. The number of births is also in decline if people's reproductive systems are in decline. It means they are less able to reproduce or to be able to sustain a pregnancy.

If you look up this link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics and investigate the history of the time in each case you will find that there was war, famine, revolutions or harsh treatment of natives at the hands of colonialists, e.g.,

Reign of Justinian I there was the Justinian plague. What was going on at the time.. a reign of terror for many people, not only pagans but also Christians who held views that didn't coincide with Justinian's views.
The Great Plague or Black Plague. There was famine, cold climate sure but there was also wars, the inquisistion and a variety of revolts.

If we look at China from where they claim the black plague's bacterias come riding on the fleas that rode on the rats that came in the traders caravans over the Silk Road, you have to ask yourself why was there no plague in China? Why was there no noticeable reduction of the population in China? After all the European lost about 60% of the population during the worst of the times about 200years.

Mexico in 1545-1548, there was famine but there was also massive cruelty from the Spaniards.

Australia 1789-1790 there was a smallpox epidemic in Aboriginal people and what was happening at the time, whites were taking their land off them, killing them off to clear the land and so on. A reign of terror.

429–426 BC Athens a devastating plague but again this was the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC) and people living in terrifying times.

There is justifiable grounds to associate the deaths of war /inquisitions/ colonialists' maltreatment of natives and death toll due to plagues.
 

Muslims have already killed much more in the name of Muhammad, than Christians have ever killed for Christ.

Some are doing this way too slowly, and some in the wrong direction (e.g. Islam seems to be becoming more violent).

BTW - there were studies which
measured how level of religious devotedness correlates with violence. And guess what, Devoted Jews and Devoted Christians were not more violent than those without strong faith, while in case of Muslims there was a positive correlation - the more Devoted a Muslim is, the more violent he/she is. Maybe because Jesus was a socialist-pacifist hippie, who never harmed a fly and let himself get crucified, while Muhammad was a ruthless conqueror! Islam is not a religion of peace.

The essential difference between Christianity and Islam is in the very core roots of these religions.

Take a look at the biography of Jesus, then take a look at the biography of Muhammad...

For instance - Jesus preached pacifism, Muhammad preached (and practiced!) war.

IMO
The Christians are not killing in the name of Christ but in the name of money and exploitation of natural resources and the policy of "divide and rule". The Muslims are killing in the name of defending their territories from Western aggression, but also in disputes with each other over territory.

I don't think we can say that Jesus was a pacifist because there is a lot of contradiction in the scriptures. For instance when Jesus went into the temple and saw the corruption he did not say "I forgive you" but instead whipped them. Plus we have nothing written by Jesus himself, nor even from his apostles. All of the gospels are "the gospel according to......"

I also strongly believe that Paul/Saul portrayed Jesus in the manner that suited the Romans. He was a Jew but also a Roman citizen and very likely a Roman agent. There are political reasons for many of the words put into Jesus's mouth, especially those of pacifism. Love thy enemies and forgive thy enemies. I doubt very much that Jesus ever uttered these words.

There was a lot of interest in Judaism by the Greeks. There was Hellenic Judaism and Gnosticism. So there was a lot of sympathy for the Jews by the Greeks of the times. And don't forget the Eastern Roman Empire was essentially Greek city states with a few extras such as Palestine. Meanwhile the Jews were in revolt. If the Romans had tried to crush them before they had a chance to brainwash their Greek subjects they may have lost the Eastern Roman Empire. So I believe what they did was use Paul/Saul to re-invent Jesus and portray him in a manner that would dis-empower the Greeks and then attack Palestine and crush the Jews, which is exactly what they did. And this "pacifism" has dis-empowered millions ever since with dire consequences.

The Muslims on the other hand, may have corrupted the Koran to some extent, in adding in tribal laws and customs, but from my own understanding and experience at least, I see that the theology is sound. And there is ample indication that while Mohammed supports defending one's self and property/ territory, he also uphold ideals that speak loudly for peace and co-operation between people with differences in culture and religion.

According to Feisal Abdul Rauf, "the Quran expressly and unambiguously prohibits the use of coercion in faith because coercion would violate a fundamental human right—the right to a free conscience. A different belief system is not deemed a legitimate cause for violence or war under Islamic law. The Quran is categorical on this: "There shall be no compulsion in religion" (2:256); "Say to the disbelievers [that is, atheists, or polytheists, namely those who reject God] "To you, your beliefs, to me, mine"

We are prompted to see whole groups when in fact the enemy is not "the Christians" or"the Muslims" or any particular nation. The enemy is hidden and interwoven throughout every society on earth. Whether you like to believe it or not, there are evil people (what psychiatrists call functional psychopaths or successful psychopaths), who are networked. There is no one big network and there are not signed up memberships or leaders etc. There are small networks that have become inter-connected simply because evil people, like all other people move from one place to another. The difference however is that while humane people form circles of friends for the joy of friendship, evil people make new "like-minded friends" because they need others to play the power games they play and to ensure what they call "the quintessential".. the ability to hurt others and get pleasure from seeing their suffering. These are the real enemy and they are in every culture.
 
kyrani99 said:
If we look at China from where they claim the black plague's bacterias come riding on the fleas that rode on the rats that came in the traders caravans over the Silk Road, you have to ask yourself why was there no plague in China?

Kyrani, the plague is much older than previously thought - we now know that it existed already in the Early Bronze Age, and it was then being spread by people expanding from the Eurasian steppe (that is, Proto-Indo-Europeans, among others). We don't have written records about that plague, because Europe and China wer
e still illiterate at that time (but I guess that there was plague in China at that time). The plague which hit later in the Middle Ages was caused by a mutated version of the same Yersinia pestis:

This is a very recent discovery, but it's certain - they have found confirmed traces of plague from the Bronze Age:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151022124532.htm

(...) They say the new evidence that Y. pestis bacterial infection in humans actually emerged around the beginning of the Bronze Age suggests that plague may have been responsible for major population declines believed to have occurred in the late 4th and early 3rd millennium BC.

The work was conducted by an international team including researchers from the universities of Copenhagen, Denmark, and Cambridge, UK, and the findings are published today in the journal Cell.

"We found that the Y. pestis lineage originated and was widespread much earlier than previously thought, and we narrowed the time window as to when and how it developed," said senior author Professor Eske Willerslev, who recently joined Cambridge University's Department of Zoology from the University of Copenhagen.

"The underlying mechanisms that facilitated the evolution of Y. pestis are present even today. Learning from the past may help us understand how future pathogens may arise and evolve," he said.

Researchers analysed ancient genomes extracted from the teeth of 101 adults dating from the Bronze Age and found across the Eurasian landmass from Siberia to Poland.

They found Y. pestis bacteria in the DNA of seven of the adults, the oldest of whom died 5,783 years ago -- the earliest evidence of plague. Previously, direct molecular evidence for Y. pestis had not been obtained from skeletal material older than 1,500 years.

However, six of the seven plague samples were missing two key genetic components found in most modern strains of plague: a "virulence gene" called ymt, and a mutation in an "activator gene" called pla.

The ymt gene protects the bacteria from being destroyed by the toxins in flea guts, so that it multiplies, choking the flea's digestive tract. This causes the starving flea to frantically bite anything it can, and, in doing so, spread the plague.

The mutation in the pla gene allows Y. pestis bacteria to spread across different tissues, turning the localised lung infection of pneumonic plague into one of the blood and lymph nodes.

Researchers concluded these early strains of plague could not have been carried by fleas without ymt. Nor could they cause bubonic plague -- which affects the lymphatic immune system, and inflicts the infamous swollen buboes of the Black Death -- without the pla mutation.

Consequently, the plague that stalked populations for much of the Bronze Age must have been pneumonic, which directly affects the respiratory system and causes desperate, hacking coughing fits just before death. Breathing around infected people leads to inhalation of the bacteria, the crux of its human-to-human transmission.

Study co-author Dr Marta Mirazón-Lahr, from Cambridge's Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies (LCHES), points out that a study earlier this year from Willerslev's Copenhagen group showed the Bronze Age to be a highly active migratory period, which could have led to the spread of pneumonic plague.

"The Bronze Age was a period of major metal weapon production, and it is thought increased warfare, which is compatible with emerging evidence of large population movements at the time. If pneumonic plague was carried as part of these migrations, it would have had devastating effects on small groups they encountered (...) Well-documented cases have shown the pneumonic plague's chain of infection can go from a single hunter or herder to ravaging an entire community in two to three days." (...)

The plague is around 6,000 years old (at least 5,783 years old):

http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(15)01322-7

The most recent common ancestor of all Y. pestis was 5,783 years ago

Plague.jpg


http://www.dailygrail.com/Essays/20...TIC-EXIT-STRATEGY-Plague-Progress-News-Update

One of the key quotes in Part 2 of the Plutocratic Exit Strategy series was that:

"plague may have played a larger role in the past than we imagined"

That was made in relation to the discovery of "flea-like creatures" in fossils from the Age of the Dinosaurs that are thought now to be one of the agents of their extinction; insects which, acting as "carriers of disease, may have played a role in the demise of the ancient reptiles."

In today's news we learn that the role plague has played in shaping human history has been pushed back by 3000 years, to mark the beginning of the Bronze Age. That in fact, plague may have caused the mass migration and cultural and technological transfer that kick started this new era of human civilisation.

As Nature reports the story:

http://www.nature.com/news/bronze-age-skeletons-were-earliest-plague-victims-1.18633

DNA from Bronze Age human skeletons now shows that the plague had first emerged at least as early as 3,000 bc. The earlier outbreak (...) may (...) have driven mass migrations across Europe and Asia.

The Bronze Age — between about 3000 and 1000 bc — was a tumultuous period that saw new cultural practices and weapon and transport technologies spread rapidly across Eurasia. Earlier this year, a pair of ancient-genome studies documented a massive exodus of people from the steppe of what is now Russia and Ukraine; they scattered west into Europe and east into central Asia.

“But we didn’t know what the cause of these quite sudden migrations was,” says Morten Allentoft, an evolutionary geneticist at the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, who was part of a team that sequenced DNA from 101 Bronze Age skeletons.

Such outbreaks could have aided the spread of Eastern European steppe herders known as the Yamnaya during the Bronze Age, says Johannes Krause, an evolutionary geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany. The Yamnaya rapidly supplanted local farming populations in Western Europe between 3000 and 2500 bc. “How is it possible that the local farmers have been replaced by people from the steppe? A pandemic is a good possibility,” Krause says.

nature-plague-map-22-10-15.jpg


For some microbiologists, this discovery has not been surprising at all:

http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthr...of-Yersinia-pestis-in-Eurasia-5-000-Years-Ago

I thought everyone knew that Y. pestis home was the Eurasian steppes mostly in Asia, and by extension the steppes where the Proto-Indo-Europeans are said to come from in far eastern Europe. Steppes, grasslands and prairies are Rodent heaven, and rodents have fleas or ticks or some other disease transmitting vector. Wherever people live they make it suitable for rodents and other pests. Ever wondered why Northern Europeans have a greater immunity to the Plague? The steppes north of the Caucasus region is the homeland of Indo-Europeans and Northern Europeans. The two go together like a hand in a glove.
 
kyrani99 said:
The Muslims are killing in the name of defending their territories from Western aggression
Not sure what you are talking about. The original Muslim territory is only the Arabian Peninsula.

Other Muslim territories had belonged to the Roman Empire and to the Persian Empire, and were either Pagan, Christian, Zoroastrian or Jewish, etc., etc. - but not Muslim -, before they got conquered by the Muslims and subjected to Islamization.

In this thread I have posted a link to a study concerning conversions to Islam under Arab rules.

kyrani99 said:
then attack Palestine and crush the Jews, which is exactly what they did.

The Crusaders attacked the Muslims in Palestine. Jews had been expelled from Palestine by the Romans.

Some Jews stayed there, but they got conquered by the expanding Arabs.

European Jews came to Palestine in the 20th century, expelling the Arabs and creating the State of Israel.

kyrani99 said:
And there is ample indication that while Mohammed supports defending one's self and property/ territory

In times of Mohammed only the Arabian Peninsula was the property / territory of the Muslims.

A little more than one century later they ruled over vast swathes of Eurasia stretching from Iberia to India.

It really, really does not look like "defending" anything - it was a war of conquest and aggression.

kyrani99 said:
There was a lot of interest in Judaism by the Greeks. There was Hellenic Judaism and Gnosticism. So there was a lot of sympathy for the Jews by the Greeks of the times. And don't forget the Eastern Roman Empire was essentially Greek city states with a few extras such as Palestine. Meanwhile the Jews were in revolt. If the Romans had tried to crush them before they had a chance to brainwash their Greek subjects they may have lost the Eastern Roman Empire.

I don't think there was such a "perfect harmony" as you described. There was much hatred between Jews and Greeks within the Roman Empire and many pogroms of one group by the other group took place. For example in Cyprus local Jews organized massacres of local Greeks. In other places it was the other way around, with Greeks attacking Jewish Diaspora communities.
 


Kyrani, the plague is much older than previously thought - we now know that it existed already in the Early Bronze Age, and iwas later being spread by people expanding from the Eurasian steppe (that is, Proto-Indo-Europeans, among others). We don't have written records about that plague, because Europe and China wer
e still illiterate at that time (but I guess that there was plague in China at that time). The plague which hit later in the Middle Ages was caused by a mutated version of the same Yersinia pestis:


The point I am trying to make is that "the plague" of which ever era you care to name is always associated with some sort of mass threat and/ or hardship. Medical science is not spelling the matter out properly IMO. The bacteria may be from the beginning of time. This is a whole different matter, but it is being sold as "the plague" or some disease. Disease is only the resulting condition of either the body's failure to fight off an infection or the period in which the body is making a more strenuous effort to fight off infection due to a poor immune response.

We have an adaptive immune system. When we come into contact with a pathogenic microbe.. whatever it is a bacteria, virus, protozoa etc., our system recognizes it as a pathogen when it attacks our cells. The dying cells, infected and under attack will break up the microbe and display portions of it on the cell surface. Immune system cells see these and act on that information to form antibodies (as well as other means of defense eg compliment system). The antibodies are then used to fight off the invaders and some of these are kept in memory cells for any further attack to be more quickly dealt with. So it is not a case that "the plague existed since the year dot". The plague is only the manifestation of disease that is cause by:
1. the invading organisms, yersinia pestis in this case AND
2. the failure of the immune system to fight them off.

The second cause is due to prolonged fear because fear declines immunity and if it is prolonged then there is no immune response.
The point is that anything, even a germ to which a person has immunity, can cause that person harm IF their immune system is not working/ in decline due to fear.
We meet new bugs all the time and any new bug that a person may encounter can be effectively dealt with and destroyed so that no sickness results.
 
In Europe plague has existed constantly for hundreds of years, and - when it comes to smallpox - adults were immune to smallpox because most of them had survived it as children (those who had not survived, never became adults - because they died).

In the Americas smallpox was new - it means, that neither children nor adults were immune to it. When smallpox (and then other exclusively Eurasian diseases) hit Native Americans, entire population got infected, because nobody was immune.

When entire population is infected, there is noone left to take care of those who are sick. There is simply noone left to provide food and medical care. This means that mortality had to be much higher, even if their immune systems were not so weak.

The second cause is due to prolonged fear because fear declines immunity

Starvation also causes decline of immunity, and when everybody was infected, there was noone left who could provide food.

Many parts of the Americas were hit by the plague before first Europeans showed up - so there was no fear of Europeans.

==================================

EDIT:

I agree with you, that "the plague" is some catastrophic event when an extraordinarily high % of the population is sick.

But we must remember, that in Europe smallpox was constantly killing people. When there was "a plague", it was simply killing extraordinarily large numbers of people over very short periods of time. But smallpox was one of the main killers in Europe ALL THE TIME, also when there was no plague. Check my thread about death causes of people in Warsaw as late as the 1800s:

http://www.eupedia.com/forum/thread...ians-amp-Jews-of-Warsaw-in-years-ca-1800-1805

As you can see Smallpox and Tuberculosis were among the main causes of death in Warsaw as late as years 1800 - 1805.

So it was not the case, that there was one "Black Death" in the 1300s, and later Europeans were disease-free.

Infectious diseases were killing Europeans all the time, but they were doing it slowly most of the time.

Rapid increases in mortality caused by infectious diseases is what we call "plagues". As for the Americas - they were disease-free until the 1500s. They did not have smallpox. Their first encounter was in the 1500s. So here is the main difference - for Europeans, children killed by smallpox was everyday reality, while for Native Americans it was something new. And in Europe adults were immune to smallpox, so the main victims were always children, while in the Americas nobody was immune when Columbus landed.

EDIT 2:

I can't agree that lower immunity must always be caused by "fear" or some other "trauma".

What about mutating bacteria and viruses? A new mutated version of a bug, can be the reason of lower immunity for it. Adults have immunity for old versions of a bug, but once a bug mutated and became a new version, there was - initially - no immunity for that new version. And mortality rates were then rapidly increasing also among adults, causing what we call "a plague".
 
Not sure what you are talking about. The original Muslim territory is only the Arabian Peninsula.

Other Muslim territories had belonged to the Roman Empire and to the Persian Empire, and were either Pagan, Christian, Zoroastrian or Jewish, etc., etc. - but not Muslim -, before they got conquered by the Muslims and subjected to Islamization.

In this thread I have posted a link to a study concerning conversions to Islam under Arab rules.

.


Iraq and Afghanistan.. are they not Muslim territories / nations? Also Palestinian lands are Muslim territory. That is what I meant.

The Crusaders attacked the Muslims in Palestine. Jews had been expelled from Palestine by the Romans.

Some Jews stayed there, but they got conquered by the expanding Arabs.

European Jews came to Palestine in the 20th century, expelling the Arabs and creating the State of Israel.

The crusaders came a lot later. I am talking about the Jewish revolt. The Romans crushed them and reduced their temple to ruins in 66-70AD Paul/Saul missionary journey was between 52 to 62AD. After that in 62AD he was supposedly arrested. How many people do you know who are arrested and spend their "jail time" as a guest of the Emperor? And allowed to continue their missionary work!




In times of Mohammed only the Arabian Peninsula was the property / territory of the Muslims.

A little more than one century later they ruled over vast swathes of Eurasia stretching from Iberia to India.

It really, really does not look like "defending" anything - it was a war of conquest and aggression.

These may be empires because peoples had converted to Islam but maybe you're right. Even if so it is no different to Alexander the Great's conquests, the colonial empires of Britain, France and other European nations and these days the Americans as well only they have a different approach that is not so obvious.
 
I have edited my last post (please read also the text added after "EDIT" and "EDIT 2").

Iraq and Afghanistan.. are they not Muslim territories / nations?

They weren't before the 7th - 8th centuries. They became Muslim only after getting conquered by Muslims.

Of course it doesn't mean that the USA is justified to invade them every time they want to. As for Iraq - it is a kind of an "artificial state", isn't it? There was no such historical nation. Also, many distinct religious denominations and ethnic groups were included in it.

Kurds who aspire to have their own nation-state, are currently split between Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran...
 
"Islamic State Manifesto: Sleeper Cells Sent To Europe Posing As Refugees":

http://www.investigativeproject.org/5052/islamic-state-manifesto-sleeper-cells-sent-to#

The Islamic State claims it sent highly trained sleeper agents to Europe through Turkey posing as refugees as far back as 2012. A 99-page manifesto issued in January, "Black Flags from Rome," also details the Islamic State (ISIS)'s desire to spark a Europe-wide Islamic insurgency using "Muslim No Go Zones" as bases of operations.

As an example, it claims that some Syrian refugees fled to Italy. "No doubt, some of these refugees were undercover fighters of Al Qa'idah and the Islamic State," the manifesto says. "They were quick to take the opportunity of entering into the different countries of Europe (most probably as early as 2012). All this was happening under the nose of the European intelligence services whose job during this time (2012) was only to prevent European Muslims from entering Syria. (This shows how quick the Islamic groups were in planning ahead. Years before Europe even knew where its Muslim citizens were going - experienced Islamic fighters had already found safety in Europe.)"

These highly trained fighters were instructed to form secret cells and wait until called on by the Islamic State's self-proclaimed caliph, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. At that time they would "continue the Jihad and ... seek revenge for the Western occupation of Muslim lands." "Black Flags From Rome" claims the sleeper agents were well-trained in urban combat tactics similar to this month's Paris attacks. It proudly contrasts past Al-Qaida's terrorists with its fighters, whom it describes as "untrained" and "vulnerable," noting that Western intelligence agencies never faced professionally trained fighters with combat experience.

"These young Europeans had been professionally trained, and given training most specific to the context of the war they would battle within Europe," the manifesto says.

ISIS training included instruction on buying and firing weapons and making improvised explosives. Such training could explain the sophistication of the Paris attacks and the attackers' competence in making suicide vests, which experts say takes weeks of training.

"Their locations were unknown, and police raids wouldn't even have the same impact as unarmed lone wolf terrorists' (sic), because these young men were armed and able to shoot back in groups. There were small armies of the Islamic State within every country of Europe by late 2014, and the intelligence agencies didn't even know about it!" the manifesto says.

ISIS propagandists based in Syria were quick to take responsibility for the attacks. An updated edition titled "Black Flags From the Islamic State," written in the past week, calls them "one of the first organised attacks done by the Islamic State in Europe which involved a Network of Cells working together in an organized way."

Police described the Paris attackers as "seasoned fighters by the looks of it and perfectly trained, with witnesses describing them as quite young and cool-headed," the London Daily Telegraph reports.

Furthermore, during the attacks, a mid-level Syrian Islamic State leader known as @Jazrawi_Oooud tweeted during the attacks: "... Syrian refugees sent by Islamic state carried out today's offensive names battle of Paris. More to come."

This statement came out a day before the media or French authorities mentioned any possibility that people who might have infiltrated the wave of refugees from Syria could have been responsible for the attacks. A fake Syrian passport bearing the name "Ahmad alMohammad" was found next to a suicide bomber who blew himself up at the soccer stadium. Two other stadium bombers arrived on Oct. 3, blending in with scores of refugees on the Greek island of Leros.

Several of the Paris attackers fought for ISIS in Syria and their leader, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, freely traveled to and from Europe. The Islamic State claims it selected Abaaoud to lead the mission and trained him in insurgency skills before sending him to France to create clandestine cells with the aim of starting a jihad in France. Abaaoud hid among the flow of refugees from Syria, and travelled to Turkey and Greece before making his way to France, according to "Black Flags From the Islamic State."

If what "Black Flags From Rome" and "Black Flags From the Islamic State" say is true, it could influence subsequent debate over the flood of refugees from Syria and Iraq into Europe and possibly America.
It could mean that the attacks in Paris weren't just a sign of a wounded Islamic State lashing out at Europe in retaliation for lost territory in Iraq as some suggest. The Black Flag manifestos, and a third called "How to Survive in the West: A Mujahid's Guide," all show a greater strategy to import the group's jihad to Europe.

"Once the media attention dies down, the Islamic State will tell another "sleeper Cell" (secret Cell which has not yet activated) to do another attack again," Black Flags From the Islamic State says.

"How to Survive in the West: A Mujahid's Guide", published in 2015 (PDF file, 71 pages):

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/863.pdf

"Black Flags from Rome. The Coming Insurgency", published in 2015 (PDF file, 99 pages):

https://ia802600.us.archive.org/0/items/EbookBlackFlagsFromRome/Ebook-blackFlags-from-rome.pdf

"Black Flags from the Islamic State. How al-Qa'idah became the IS (1986-2016)", 130 pages:

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/864.pdf

Table of contents from "How to Survive in the West: A Mujahid's Guide":


How_to_Survive_in_the_West.png
 
How many Special services secret agents have already immigrated to Europe?:

Chapter 11: The Jihad Begins

By now you will have; Anonymity, Money, weapons, Training, knowledge of how to make improvised explosives anywhere, how to transport dangerous things secretly and how to avoid spies. You are now your own one man army! Say Alhamdulillah, and thank Allah He has taught you what you did not know yesterday. You are now a Special services secret agent, and your job now is to support the Jihad. (...)

And this excerpt is from "Black Flags...":

Final Chapter – Be prepared for a Global War which will hit every member of this Ummah (global community):

We are living in the time of global Jihad, when the war now is not about countries fighting each other for land, but for dominance of ideas (our battle is to make the Truth superior over falsehood). The leaders and strategists of the global Jihad like Osama bin Laden, Abu Mus'ab al-Suri, and Abu Bakr Naji wanted sincere believers from every land to start their own Jihad project based on the guidelines they lay out for us. Today the Islamic State is leading the global Jihad, and we are seeing the different strategies they have used.

Remember that Jihad in every Muslim land started with only a few sincere men who relied on Allah, and look how Allah blessed their efforts. Allah gave them 'izzah (respect and authority) after they sacrificed their free time and comfort to reach Paradise.

So they are loved by believers and they are an example like the Sahaba (Companions of Prophet Muhammad) in giving light to the Earth after it had been filled with the darkness of misguidance. We see that there is no honor for the believers, except through Jihad. Do you see how humiliated the Muslims who keep saying 'Peace, peace!' are? Yet look at those who are changing history, the world is in awe of them. You could be one of those people who are honored in this life and the next, if only you follow their path.

The battle will wage in every country, and this is why there is over 1 and a half Billion Muslims in the world.

"The religion of piss" ...
 

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