R1b* (R-M343*)
R1b* – that is,
males with M343, but no subsequent distinguishing SNP mutations – is extremely rare. The only population yet recorded with a definite significant proportion of R1b* are the Kurds of southeastern Kazakhstan with 13%.[3][17] However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in Iran, revealed R1b* as high as 4.3% among Iranian sub-populations.[18]
While studies in 2005–08 suggested that R1b* may occur at high levels in Jordan, Egypt and Sudan, subsequent research indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R1b1a2 (R-V88), which is now concentrated among African populations, following back migration from Asia.
[19][20][21][22][23] It remains a possibility that some or even most of these cases may be R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1, and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a negative ancestral state,
[24] constituting, in other words, undocumented subclades of R1b. Thus demonstrating the importance of testing for SNPs critical in identifying subclades.
Europe Y-DNA. Principle puzzles – highlighted areas where the frequency of haplogroups represent more than a third of the gene pool (> 35%)
A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010).
[25] It is summarised in the table following. (It should be noted that Cruciani did not include some studies suggesting even higher frequencies of R1b1a1a2 [R-M269] in some parts of Western Europe.)