Japanese Emperors are D1b1a2

[Maciamo]

Since institutions of chief or shaman were developed.
And archeology shows only a small piece of picture of the life of people.
Btw, Yayoi period could began also earlier - 300 BC it is not absolutly sure date.
But anyway, whatever happend, D-guy became the important one.

I think it's much more likely that the title of emperor only appeared after the Yayoi had colonised most of Japan (except Tohoku and Hokkaido). The Jomon were animistic and almost certainly lacked the concept of human-like deities found in polytheisms and monotheisms. There are two very distinct kinds of Shintoism in Japan: prehistoric, Jomon-derived animistic Shinto, and Buddhist/Hindu-influenced Shinbutsu-shūgō, which evolved into State Shinto with the cult of the emperor as a deity. But Buddhism only arrived in Japan in the 6th century, over 1000 years after the arrival of Yayoi people. It is not clear when Japanese emperors acquired their divine status. The first to be associated with a deity was actually Emperor Ojin, who was enshrined as Hachiman, the God of War, after his death. Even after that, other emperors didn't carry the same divine status as modern emperors since the Meiji Restoration. That's an invention of State Shinto.

If you feel like it, you can read my article on the six faces of Japanese religion.

 

[Maciamo]

The time of the invasion come from archaeology dating techniques, so unless they missed an early site near the entry point...

Or, like you proposed, a Jomon chieftain is the progenitor of the Emperors' line and the Yayoi gave him the sword and the mirror. As for the Yamagata jewels, it seems they predate the Yayoi invasion in the Nippon archipelago, although they were less sophisticated than the later version made of jade.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magatama#Yasakani_no_Magatama

They also add:



So there was probably Yayoi chieftains and Jomon chieftains sharing the same symbols and exchanging wives, until about a millennium later, when they couldn't say who was Jomon or Yayoi, a chieftain and his descendants conquered their neighbors until they became Emperors of Japan. This chieftain happened to be the descendant of a Jomon clan.

If that is the case, then the concept of Japanese emperor didn't appear until the late Yayoi, and indeed the first emperor who is considered to have truly existed, as opposed to earlier invented legendary figures, is Sujin (97-30 BCE) during the Late Yayoi period.

 

[Ukko]

The horse-rider theory (kiba minzoku setsu) was proposed by Egami Namio, a professor of Asian history at Tokyo University. It generally holds that the unified state was founded by a group of horse-riding warriors, who entered or invaded the Japanese islands, conquered the native rulers, and established themselves as Japan’s ruling class. Egami examined the Kofun Tombs and noted that tombs of the Late Tomb (5th – 6th centuries) period contained items different from the previous centuries: weapons, armor, horse trappings and ceramic figurines of warriors and other persons which Egami said were “realistic, warlike, baronial, horse-riding and North Asian” looking. Egami also thought the “Chin king” identified in Chinese sources was of horse rider origin connected with Puyo or Koguryo, and that Emperor Sujin was linked to or descended from the Chin king line.

Many variations of this horse-rider theory have developed since Egami’s time. The theories differ on the origin and ethnic identity of those invading warriors from the Asian continent, on the time of their arrival in Japan, the route they took and the way they came to dominate Japanese society.

In one variation – an ethnologist Oka Masao examined the cultural traits of the Kofun period peoples and identified four different cultures, the last of which he believed was the “imperial race” that dominated Japan during the Kofun period had originated in eastern Manchuria as a mixed herding and farming people and that in the 2nd and 3rd century it had moved through the Korean peninsula and into Japan. He believed that they were culturally and ethnically closely related to the ancient Puyo and Koguryo states on the Korean peninsula.

Anyone connected the Japanese N1c to these horse-riders? That is the standard method of N1c arrival.

 

[Rethel]

That is the standard method of N1c arrival.

 

[Ukko]

The origin of the most frequent Y-chromosomal haplotypes (Ht1 and Ht2) was difficult to establish on the basis of genetic information. Indeed, these two lineages belonging to haplogroup N1c seem to be restricted to Yakut populations, and were probably present since the period they were first located in Central Yakutia. Interestingly, the comparison with archaeological data revealed that the male individuals (YAKa34, 39, 40, 69, 78) at the beginning of the 18th century, identified as Clan Chiefs (or tojons) on the basis of their grave goods (weapons, jewelry, silk clothes, richly ornamented saddles and signet rings), belonged to these two haplotypes. Therefore, archaeological data could bring interesting information in tracing back the origin of these enigmatic male lineages. Indeed, the grave goods of the 15th/17th centuries (weapons and horse harnesses) and the construction of coffins with an empty trunk from the 18th century are similar to the burial customs of the Cis-Baïkal area [44] and of the Egyin Gol Necropolis during the 3rd century BC [45-47]. This suggests that the male ancestors of the Yakuts were probably formed of a small group of horse-riders originating from Northern Mongolia or the Baïkal Lake.

http://dienekes.blogspot.fi/2010/01/ancient-dna-from-frozen-yakuts.html

[FONT=&quot]A recent study shows that the Nordic coldblood horses are not genetically closest relatives to the Finnhorse. The researchers have found the same genes in Estonian, North-Russian and Mongolian horses. The results were surprising.[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]But it seems that the closest relatives to finnhorses would be the old eastern breeds [/FONT]Yakutian horse[FONT=&quot] from Siberia, [/FONT]Mongolian horse[FONT=&quot], [/FONT]Estonian horse[FONT=&quot] and [/FONT]Mezen horse[FONT=&quot].[/FONT]

https://finnhorseblog.com/2014/09/2...-to-finnhorse-than-other-nordic-horse-breeds/

 

[Ukko]

Rethel

 

[Rethel]

But at least you accepted mongoloidness. This is some progress...

 

[Ukko]

But at least you accepted mongoloidness. This is some progress...

 

[Moi-même]

If that is the case, then the concept of Japanese emperor didn't appear until the late Yayoi, and indeed the first emperor who is considered to have truly existed, as opposed to earlier invented legendary figures, is Sujin (97-30 BCE) during the Late Yayoi period.

Here's a summary from the contemporary Chinese reports:

The earliest written records about people in Japan are from Chinese sources from this period. Wa, the Japanese pronunciation of an early Chinese name for Japan, was mentioned in 57 AD; [...] Early Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities rather than the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the 8th-century work Nihon Shoki, a partly mythical, partly historical account of Japan which dates the foundation of the country at 660 BC. Archaeological evidence also suggests that frequent conflicts between settlements or statelets broke out in the period. Many excavated settlements were moated or built at the tops of hills. [...] Third-century Chinese sources reported that the Wa people lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on bamboo and wooden trays, clapped their hands in worship (something still done in Shinto shrines today), and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. Society was characterized by violent struggles.

So it seems things were rather chaotic back to 57 AD. We would need DNA from the Yayoi period to see how the different haplogroup were spread geographically and what kind of autosomal DNA they had, if there were differences regionally. There is probably no such paper, but let's see what we can fin:

I have a paper by Joseph Caspermeyer in 2015:

Was there a single migration event or gradual mixing of cultures that gave rise to modern Japanese?
According to current theory, about 2,000–3,000 years ago, two populations, the hunter-gatherer Jomon from the Japanese archipelago and the agricultural Yayoi from continental East Asia, intermingled to give rise to the modern Japanese population. However, some researchers have suggested otherwise, with the Jomon culture gradually transformed into the Yayoi culture without large migrations into modern day Japan.

To resolve the controversy, researchers Nakagome et al. (2015) identified the differences between the Ainu people (direct descendants of indigenous Jomon) with Chinese from Beijing (same ancestry as Yayoi).

The results from a genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism data strongly support the hybridization model as the best fit for Japanese population history. An initial divergence between the Ainu and Beijing group was dated to approximately 20,000 years ago, whereas evidence of genetic mixing occurred 5,000–7,000 years ago, older than estimates from the archaeological records, probably due to the effect of a further subpopulation structure of the Jomon people.

And articles about Nakagome et al.'s paper in Sci-News and in New Historian.

So we would have evidence of interbreed between local Jomon and East Asian settlers all the way back to Jomon period. That's 3,000-5,000 older than I would have expected, according what I know of the archaeological records... Maybe there is some under surveyed region where the first farmers mixed with the Jomon. Were these farmers even Yayoi? Or they tested the odd people or did some error in the calcul and the original mix is much closer to 3,000 to 5,000 years ago...

On the other hand, if their numbers are exact, that would reopen the door for a Jomon period "proto-emperors" line...

 

[MarkoZ]

Since it wasn't posted, here's the partial sampling of the ancient Jomon specimens by Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al. The authors essentially vindicate the hybridization theory of the inception of modern Japanese. However, the ancient Jomon were already heavily North-Central East Eurasian it seems.

Next, we investigated the genetic relationship between the Sanganji Jomon and East Eurasians. Comparison with 1000 Genomes Project²⁴East Asians (JPT (Japanese Tokyo), CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing), CHS (Southern Han Chinese), CDX (Chinese Dai in Xishuangbanna, China) and KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)) based on 46 158 SNP sites show that the Sanganji Jomon is located quite apart from the other modern East Eurasians, and modern Japanese are situated between the Sanganji Jomon and continental East Eurasians (Figure 1b).

What set the ancient Jomon apart was their affinity to modern South East Eurasians that doesn't show up in continental East Asians:

Using the HGDP East Eurasian data set with 7081 SNP sites (Figure 3b), the mainland Japanese had the highest allele sharing with the Sanganji Jomon. Interestingly, southern East Eurasians (green bars) had slightly higher allele-sharing percentages than northern East Eurasians (blue bars), although we have to be careful with the effect of post-mortem changes.

Link: http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/jhg2016110a.html

 

[johen]

The Imperial Regalia of Japan are:

The sword Kusanagi no Tsurugi;
The mirror Yata no Kagami;
The jewel Yasakani no Magatama.
All of them would be Yayoi farmer introductions...

The Imperial Regalia of Japan(三神器: 3 god instrument)

Ancient Korean's:

-> only one thing, a jade, is different, However, there is an agreement now that the jade came from Korea during Yayoi. Did you hear that the jade originated in Jomon?

exactly same jades of the Imperial Regalia of Japan in royal crown of ancient korea

Jades were found in Manchu area and korea during 1,000bc to 1bc

 

[Moi-même]

I found an interesting "conversation", what Japanese name a cross interview if I remember well, between MIURA Sukeyuki, Professor, Rissho University, and SHINODA Kenichi, Director, Department of Anthropology, Japanese National Museum of Nature and Science. Here some interesting bits:

There is also the situation that, in comparison to the Pacific side of Japan, researchers’ interest in the Sea of Japan side—where we have Izumo and so on—was quite low and the area was not actively excavated, so research has not progressed as it should have done.

So there are region which aren't properly surveyed, which happen to be the Japanese coast closest to the continent... so the odds they missed some critical sites are high.

[Odake shell mound dig in Toyama City is] a site from around 6,000 years ago (Early Jomon period), but an enormous amount of artifacts have been unearthed. Although the total amount of Early Jomon period human remains excavated nationwide up to that point had been around only eighty sets of remains altogether, a further ninety-one sets of remains came from just this one site.

As luck would have it, we ended up in charge of analyzing the “mitochondrial DNA” of those remains. Let me explain simply what we can tell from this analysis.

[... explanation on what is mt-DNA...]

There are two things that became clear from the analysis of the human remains found at the Odake shell mound. The first is that none of the D4 type mtDNA that one-in-three modern day Japanese people possesses was detected whatsoever. In other words, it reinforces the theory—as has been said conventionally—that the D4 type comes from immigrant-type Yayoi peoples.

So no Yayoi mt-DNA in Toyama 6,000 years ago.

In actual fact, type D4 DNA has been found in the remains of other Jomon people that we have examined. What we can say at this point in time is that it (the D4 type) was born on the continent around 20,000–30,000 years ago, and that later it gave birth to various other types, some of which also came to Japan during the Jomon period. But the main group is that which came to Japan together with rice farming during the Yayoi period.


The second distinguishing feature of the Odake shell mound site is that a mixture of the Southern “M7a” type and the Northern “N9b” type was found there. Although the former type (M7a) is possessed by between 7 and 8% of modern day Japanese, in Okinawa as high as around 24% has been detected—so it is considered that this is the oldest group, which came to the Japanese archipelago first from the south. However, since there is nobody in Taiwan with this type and it is limited exclusively to the Japanese islands, the route by which it entered has yet to be identified.

In contrast to this, remains containing the latter type (N9b) have been found in quite large numbers at shell mounds from Hokkaido, along the Tohoku (north-eastern Japan) coast and in the Kanto area; and given the fact that it is found frequently in the indigenous peoples of the Primorsky Krai (Maritime Province) area of Russia it is thought that this is a group that entered Japan from the north at a time not too different from that of the former (M7a) group.

So, Yayoi are D4, Northern Jomon are N9b and Southern Jomon M7a

In any case, what we can say from the characteristics of the human remains found at the Odake shell mound is that it’s unreasonable to suppose that the people who were living in Japan before the Yayoi people came were “homogenous” Jomon people.

In other words, in Japanese history there is an extremely long Paleolithic (stone age) period (between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago) leading up to the Jomon period, but during that period—roughly speaking—various different peoples came to the Japanese archipelago from the north and south. What I’m saying is, I wonder if it wasn’t that the Jomon people were born out of the progressive mixing/blending amongst the group brought about by this influx.

This sounds very interesting, I'm looking forwards to heard more about this, when further data are gathered.

Shinoda: In contrast to the way in which mitochondrial DNA is inherited matrilineally, Y-chromosomes are passed on only from father to son. The biggest mystery over Japanese people’s Y-chromosomes is that although 30% of people in the Japanese archipelago possess the so-called D type, it is hardly found at all outside of Japan. As a result of the fact that integration went well in the Japanese islands, it’s conceivable that the genes of the Jomon people have remained as they were until this day, but why is it that they only remained in the Japanese archipelago and vanished from the continent?
Miura: The reason for that is probably that there were no conquests or large-scale massacres in the Japanese islands.
Shinoda: Usually, when you talk about conquests, in many cases the men are killed and the women are turned into slaves, and it’s usual for the Y-chromosome line of the conquered people to end. Because that didn’t happen, it means that an extremely diverse culture blending both Jomon and Yayoi elements should have been passed on in Japanese culture.
Miura: Even in the Kojiki, it’s told that the annihilated losing side gave terms and conditions, promising that if the victors defended the palace properly that they wouldn’t “haunt” them, that they would “be at peace” and so on. It was because of this that the imperial family, the victorious side and so on achieved reconciliation—of sorts—by deifying the losers.
If it was the history of another country, it would be normal to uproot and fully beat-down and eradicate the other side. But in the Kojiki, Amaterasu of the Yamato line and Susanoo of the Izumo line are made out to be older sister and younger brother, and are in a plot setting where they both have the same roots. This was probably one contrivance devised for the purpose of seeking conciliation between the ethnic groups.
The late historian Amino Yoshihiko advocated the theory that “the differences in accent/intonation between the Kansai (western) and Kanto (eastern) dialects of Japanese have existed since the Jomon period,” but the Japanese language is not at all similar to either Korean or Chinese. It’s said that this is because Yayoi culture incorporated the Jomon language into it.


Shinoda: It has been spoken of in the past as if there was a single, unified “Jomon language,” but if we consider the diversity of the Jomon period then surely it’s more natural to think that there were a number of different languages. It’s probably the case that the Japanese language was created through the intermixing of those languages and the further incorporation of the Yayoi people’s language.
It’s a topic for future research, but I think that the process of how the transition from Jomon to Yayoi took place is a point that really needs to be unraveled, because I think that period was the most important time for the creation of the Japanese people and Japanese culture.

I believe that the coming of the Yayoi people was not just one single occurrence; that it was precisely because they didn’t all suddenly come along in one go that a forceful conquest did not take place. My guess is that first of all there was a group that came in from the Sea of Japan side, and then later a new group that came across from the continent, traveled along the Sanyodo (the region of Japan that stretches from Yamaguchi Prefecture to Hyogo Prefecture on the Seto Inland Sea side of Honshu) from Kyushu, and went on to build the Yamato imperial court.

So the Yamato country would be mainly Yayoi and the Izumo country, Jomon...

 

[Moi-même]

-> only one thing, a jade, is different, However, there is an agreement now that the jade came from Korea during Yayoi. Did you hear that the jade originated in Jomon?

There were matagama made of other material during the Jomon period, like clay and chalk. It was improved into jade in the Yayoi period.

 

[Blue Lantern]

Not all the conquered peoples have the conqueror's Y-DNA. Although the Normans invaded and conquered England in 1066 there are relatively few Englishmen with "Norman Y-DNA" today. Most of the English Y-DNA is still Anglo-Saxon (including both the Germanic Saxons and the "Anglicised Britons" before 1066)

So it shouldn't be so strange that the Jomon people managed to pass many to their Y-DNA to Japanese people today.

 

[Blue Lantern]

Yet, it is still surprising that Japanese emperors should belong to a Jomon lineage, when the new Iron-Age conquerors from the continent were the Yayoi people, carrying haplogroups C3, N, O1, O2a, O2b and O3. When we know how easily the Proto-Indo-Europeans imposed their Y-DNA lineages onto conquered populations in western Eurasia, it is extremely unlikely that the Yayoi people didn't manage the same feat. After all the PIE were an early Bronze Age people conquering Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic neighbours, but the Yayoi were very developed Late Iron Age Sino-Koreans invading Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (Jomon). The gap is also as big as between Europeans and Native Americans in the 16th century. The Jomon didn't stand a chance and would never have been able to maintain political power.

Not so suprising because most of English people still have Anglo-Saxon Y-DNA rather than Norman Y-DNA even though the Normans invaded and conquered England in 1066.

 

[skoal]

The Tenno(Emperor of Japan) and any his relative have never tested genetic as much i know.

so i think not Japan Emperor is Haplogroup D or O. we don't know now. or maybe we never know after all.

because Japanese Loyalist and far-right is not admit it or something. just like TheApricity