Pre-Columbian & Modern Native Americans in Eurogenes K36

Thank you very much for the correction Mr. Tamakore. If no traces of pure Polynesians were found on the pre-Columbian South Pacific coast of America, much less should they appear in Brazil. However, a Polynesian colonizing boat sailing with the Roaring Forties winds, departing from New Zealand, in approximately 30 days (even less if it is from the Chatham Islands) is disembarking on the other side of the Strait of Magellan, a small crowd of people, with hunting / fishing accoutrements and provisions for some time. Hence access to the botocudos region is easy. Then they could send news home in approximately 60 days, sailing with the same winds to the east, south of Africa and Australia. The oral traditions of the Polynesians do not speak of they ever circumnavigating the planet, which they may have done at least inadvertently, but they also do not speak of contacts with the American continent from north to south, however they are blatant. The oral traditions of the Polynesians, however, speak of the exploration of the sub-Antarctic and the Antarctic where the circum-Antarctic sea current could also lead them to circumnavigate the planet, perhaps more easily. With their mastery of open sea orientation and the various types of sails (some superior to those of Europe: the various claw sails from which the Latin-rig sail was developed) the Polynesians may have done a lot sailing in nutshells. The claw sail is still something of an enigma of aerodynamics today. How did they discover the claw sail in the short time that they are in the Pacific? Did the spirits of the wind teach them?
 
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The genomic signature of Australasia has been present for 10,400 years in Brazil and still is a challenge to the scholars.

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-11/fda-tnf110918.php

I suspect this genomic signature of Australasia is actually the genomic signature of the early out of Africa migration along the southern coast of Asia. That signature was preserved more strongly in Australasia for tens of thousands of years due to isolation from other populations.

My theory is that a small trace of the genomic signature of the early southern route migration was present in the first Americans and was then amplified in some Amazonian tribes. For example, the Clovis sample on GEDmatch (F999919) has 0.23% Papuan according to Eurogenes K36. That may not be a reliable number, but it could be indicative.

Why would this genomic signature only be amplified in the Amazon? Perhaps because adaptations to a tropical rain forest environment were present in the population that migrated along the southern coast of Asia, and those genes were positively selected for in some Amazonian people. They may not have been positively selected for in North East Eurasian, Beringian or northern North American environments, but as long as the alleles remained in the genome it's possible they could be subject to positive selection once again in Amazonia.
 
I suspect this genomic signature of Australasia is actually the genomic signature of the early out of Africa migration along the southern coast of Asia. That signature was preserved more strongly in Australasia for tens of thousands of years due to isolation from other populations.

My theory is that a small trace of the genomic signature of the early southern route migration was present in the first Americans and was then amplified in some Amazonian tribes. For example, the Clovis sample on GEDmatch (F999919) has 0.23% Papuan according to Eurogenes K36. That may not be a reliable number, but it could be indicative.

Why would this genomic signature only be amplified in the Amazon? Perhaps because adaptations to a tropical rain forest environment were present in the population that migrated along the southern coast of Asia, and those genes were positively selected for in some Amazonian people. They may not have been positively selected for in North East Eurasian, Beringian or northern North American environments, but as long as the alleles remained in the genome it's possible they could be subject to positive selection once again in Amazonia.

check C-L1373*
https://www.yfull.com/tree/C-L1373/
C-L1373* and Q-Z780 are the oldest Native American clades, most of them were replaced by the younger Q-M3 clade
C-L1373* surivies amongst Natives in the Amazonian forests of Ecuador

I guess C-L1373* had some Australasian admixture when it entered America
 
I donated my DNA data for scientific purposes. Next, my K36 results and my mtDNA report (a screenshot and the translation of the report, absent the tables, from Spanish to English). I also post, next, my most recent mitochondrial analysis made by Yfull.

Eurogenes K36

European Calculator with 36 global ancestral clusters

Calculator model by David Wesolowski of the Eurogenes Project

http://bga101.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/eurogenes-k36-at-gedmatch.html

Discuss your results and all aspects of genetic ancestry and health at the independent yourdnaportalforum




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Population
Percentage
Amerindian
0.80%
Arabian
0.00%
Armenian
0.69%
Basque
5.00%
Central African
0.00%
Central Euro
0.00%
East African
0.94%
East Asian
0.00%
East Balkan
2.93%
East Central Asian
0.00%
East Central Euro
0.00%
East Med
0.00%
Eastern Euro
2.22%
Fennoscandian
1.10%
French
8.07%
Iberian
21.32%
Indo-Chinese
0.00%
Italian
25.66%
Malayan
0.00%
Near Eastern
1.21%
North African
5.46%
North Atlantic
7.55%
North Caucasian
0.00%
North Sea
5.35%
Northeast African
0.00%
Oceanian
0.33%
Omotic
1.18%
Pygmy
0.71%
Siberian
0.00%
South Asian
0.00%
South Central Asian
0.00%
South Chinese
0.00%
Volga-Ural
0.00%
West African
2.85%
West Caucasian
0.00%
West Med
6.62%





MFILze7.jpg


Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Certificate


I hereby certify that the mitochondrial DNA sequence of a sample obtained from Duarte (FTDNA # xxxxxx) differs from the Cambridge Reference Sequence(1) in the indicated positions, due to the presence of the bases designated A, C, G or T:


Control Region 5 ́ (between positions 16024 and 16569): 16182C 16183C 16189C 16217C 16241G 16519C


Control Region 3 ́ (between positions 1 and 576): 73G 103A 152C 263G 315iC 499A


Coding Region (between positions 577 and 16023): 750G 827G 1438G 2706G 3547G 3866C 4769G 4820A 4977C 6473T 7028T 8269A 8281-8289d 8638G 8860G 9950C 11177T 11719A 13590A 13594G 14470C 14766T 15326G 15535T

The letters A, C, G or T designate the base that occurs in each position indicated in the Reference Sequence. The letters d and i as a suffix of a position indicate deletion or insertion at that position, respectively. The changes indicated are distinctive of this sample and can be compared with those of other people to confirm or rule out kinship relationships. Private polymorphisms acquired from the nodal sequence for B2 are underlined in red.


The sample is assignable to the following clade of the human mitochondrial tree:

Haplogroup: B2
Sub-haplogroup2: B2az(2)
Continental origin of the haplogroup: America
Regional distribution of the sub-haplogroup: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay


(1 )The Cambridge Reference Sequence is the internationally accepted standard of comparison. (2) Provisional nomenclature created for the purposes of this report Dr. Claudio M. Bravi IMBICE Population Molecular Genetics Laboratory

Analysis of the ethnic / geographical distribution of the lineage


1- Distribution of B2az and analysis of mitogenomes


The mitochondrial DNA sequence analyzed here belongs to haplogroup B2, which is unique to the American continent and would have originated in Beringia between 14,000 and 19,000 years ago. Among the> 4,500 complete mitochondrial sequences of Native American origin available (published in academic media or available in open access databases by donation of FTDNA clients), about 1406 belong to haplogroup B2. The sequence analyzed here can be considered part of a new subhaplogroup that we provisionally call B2az, defined by the occurrence of four polymorphisms (see Figure 1). Duarte’s sequence shares membership in B2az with 39 other individuals from Brazil (including Mbyá, Tupiniquim, and Xavante natives), Argentina, Paraguay, Germany, and the United States. This last sequence, obtained from a "Hispanic" in Texas, would probably be of recent South American origin. The present in Germany derives from an adopted person.


Since arriving in America, the lineage analyzed here has accumulated seven polymorphisms, according to the following temporality:
1- Initially the changes that define B2az were accumulated: 103, 152, 16241 and 14470, in unknown temporal sequence;
2- then 3866 occurred, which defines the B2az3 branch, present in 17 of the 39 B2az sequences; 3- Then 8638 occurred, found in 12 of those mentioned in point 2;
4- 8269 finally happened, found in ten of those mentioned in point 3.


The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences available for B2az allows us to recognize three main branches, B2az1 to B2az3, which bring together 36 of the 39 known full sequences. The complete sequence of Duarte has, at the moment and in our database, five matches at genetic distance 0, four of which trace his remote maternal ancestors to SP (1) or MG (3).


2- Distribution of B2az based on control region analysis


B2az carries a combination of three polymorphisms in the control region (16241-103-152) that allows us to broaden the search in a database of> 27,000 sequences of the control region of native origin. A search for the motif that defines B2az yielded the discovery of 108 sequences distributed between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Most of the cases in Brazil are concentrated in populations in the south and southeast of the country, with a few in Amapá and Alagoas (see Annex I). In Argentina, B2az occurrences are concentrated in the Northeast and Litoral of the country, areas bordering those with the highest frequency in Brazil, and there are also sporadic cases in Buenos Aires, Catamarca and Patagonia that probably reflect relatively recent internal migration or from Paraguay (see Annex I).


The reported cases for indigenous populations are restricted to Mbyá Guaraní from Argentina, as well as Kayapó, Xavante and Parakanã from Brazil (see Annex II).


3- Distribution of matches in sequences of the control region (HVR1 + HVR2 in FTDNA)


When the analysis is restricted to the 1112 base pair fragment of the control region it is possible to compare the sequence of interest with a much larger database. This gain in amplitude, however, is accompanied by lower resolution: the matches eventually found reflect a comparison of less than 7% of the total length of the mtDNA.


The sequence analyzed here carries the combination of the ancestral combination of B2az, that is, the presence of changes 103-152-16241 on the nodal for B2. This unique set of changes makes it easy to track matches. A search in a database that accumulates 17,759 sequences of the control region (HVR1 + HVR2) allowed the finding of six perfect matches(1):


- seven matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 19 indigenous Parakanã,
- four matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 142 inhabitants of Greater São Paulo;
- three matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 367 “whites” from São Paulo;
- two matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 68 “pardos” from São Paulo;
- a match for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 80 inhabitants of Santa Catarina;
- three matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in a sample of 203 inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro;
- three matches for the complete control region (16024-16569; 1-576) in Argentines from Curuzú-Cuatiá (Corrientes, N = 146), Buenos Aires (N = 187), and Ramal (Jujuy, N = 41).
- a match for the partial control region (16024-16365; 73-340) in one of 100 Mbyá Guaraní natives of Misiones, Argentina.


(1) When evaluating matches, we ruled out variation in the poly-C tracts at positions 303-315, 16182-16193, and 573.


- two matches for the partial control region (16024-16365; 73-340) in a sample of 167 inhabitants of Alagoas;
- a match for the partial control region (16060-16362; 72-337) in one of 99 “targets” from SE Brazil (mainly MG);
- four matches for the partial control region (16024-16400; 73-576) in a sample of 290 inhabitants of SE Brazil (SP, MG, ES, RJ);
- a match for the partial control region (16024-16368; 73-340) in one of 48 inhabitants of SW Brazil;

- two matches for the partial control region in a sample of 190 cariocas.



4- Conclusions


The Duarte sequence is part of a sub-haplogroup not yet formally described that has a skewed distribution towards the south and southeast of Brazil and border areas of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. However, it should be noted that the known distribution may not be representative due to the lack of studies in large areas of Brazil.

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