Angela
Elite member
- Messages
- 21,823
- Reaction score
- 12,329
- Points
- 113
- Ethnic group
- Italian
It's beyond me why they would still be using AIMS. The results largely comport with those from more professional studies of Latin America as a whole, but for more precise data I'd go to those studies.
See:
"Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers"
It should be noted that these samples are from Cuba itself. One third of the population emigrated, and the majority of those people, other than the ones sent over by Castro, were the "white" Cubans. I've seen quite a few of their results, and many of them have less than 5-7% "minority" ancestry. Even that surprised them, having been assured that they were of 100% European ancestry. The presence of Amerindian ancestry was a particular shock, as all the history books stated that they had been wiped out. Also interestingly enough, some of them did notice that some of the phenotypes from the eastern part of the island were a bit exotic. "
"We carried out an admixture analysis of a sample comprising 1,019 individuals from all the provinces of Cuba. We used a panel of 128 autosomal Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) to estimate the admixture proportions. We also characterized a number of haplogroup diagnostic markers in the mtDNA and Y-chromosome in order to evaluate admixture using uniparental markers. Finally, we analyzed the association of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with quantitative estimates of skin pigmentation. In the total sample, the average European, African and Native American contributions as estimated from autosomal AIMs were 72%, 20% and 8%, respectively. The Eastern provinces of Cuba showed relatively higher African and Native American contributions than the Western provinces. In particular, the highest proportion of African ancestry was observed in the provinces of Guantánamo (40%) and Santiago de Cuba (39%), and the highest proportion of Native American ancestry in Granma (15%), Holguín (12%) and Las Tunas (12%). We found evidence of substantial population stratification in the current Cuban population, emphasizing the need to control for the effects of population stratification in association studies including individuals from Cuba. The results of the analyses of uniparental markers were concordant with those observed in the autosomes. These geographic patterns in admixture proportions are fully consistent with historical and archaeological information. Additionally, we identified a sex-biased pattern in the process of gene flow, with a substantially higher European contribution from the paternal side, and higher Native American and African contributions from the maternal side. This sex-biased contribution was particularly evident for Native American ancestry. Finally, we observed that SNPs located in the genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are strongly associated with melanin levels in the sample."
I never saw any minority ancestry in someone like Desi Arnaz or Oscar Hijueilos whatsoever. In Marco Rubio maybe a hint of Amerindian?
He looks so Spanish to me here:
I do see it in Ted Cruz' father: something across the eyes.
See:
"Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers"
It should be noted that these samples are from Cuba itself. One third of the population emigrated, and the majority of those people, other than the ones sent over by Castro, were the "white" Cubans. I've seen quite a few of their results, and many of them have less than 5-7% "minority" ancestry. Even that surprised them, having been assured that they were of 100% European ancestry. The presence of Amerindian ancestry was a particular shock, as all the history books stated that they had been wiped out. Also interestingly enough, some of them did notice that some of the phenotypes from the eastern part of the island were a bit exotic. "
"We carried out an admixture analysis of a sample comprising 1,019 individuals from all the provinces of Cuba. We used a panel of 128 autosomal Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) to estimate the admixture proportions. We also characterized a number of haplogroup diagnostic markers in the mtDNA and Y-chromosome in order to evaluate admixture using uniparental markers. Finally, we analyzed the association of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with quantitative estimates of skin pigmentation. In the total sample, the average European, African and Native American contributions as estimated from autosomal AIMs were 72%, 20% and 8%, respectively. The Eastern provinces of Cuba showed relatively higher African and Native American contributions than the Western provinces. In particular, the highest proportion of African ancestry was observed in the provinces of Guantánamo (40%) and Santiago de Cuba (39%), and the highest proportion of Native American ancestry in Granma (15%), Holguín (12%) and Las Tunas (12%). We found evidence of substantial population stratification in the current Cuban population, emphasizing the need to control for the effects of population stratification in association studies including individuals from Cuba. The results of the analyses of uniparental markers were concordant with those observed in the autosomes. These geographic patterns in admixture proportions are fully consistent with historical and archaeological information. Additionally, we identified a sex-biased pattern in the process of gene flow, with a substantially higher European contribution from the paternal side, and higher Native American and African contributions from the maternal side. This sex-biased contribution was particularly evident for Native American ancestry. Finally, we observed that SNPs located in the genes SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are strongly associated with melanin levels in the sample."
I never saw any minority ancestry in someone like Desi Arnaz or Oscar Hijueilos whatsoever. In Marco Rubio maybe a hint of Amerindian?
He looks so Spanish to me here:
I do see it in Ted Cruz' father: something across the eyes.