^^
Briefly, if you had read the paper carefully instead of just pulling out the dates of R437 and R850 you would know that other than the Parma Beakers we don't have Bronze Age samples from northern and southern Italy. Hopefully some will be published, but the number will be limited because some of the groups burned their dead.
The information I missed wans't even the point of the study and would have been a detail I would have forgotten regardless.
I see, I only see average through the nMonte runner.As to the Parma Beakers, one had a lot of steppe, one had almost none, and one was in the middle. So, you are misinformed.
Yes that's what I said.Given the dearth of U-106 and I1 in Italy a substantial "Germanic" input in us is, imo, impossible, and in most of the south didn't exist at all, unless you want to consider Sicily, where you might have a little input in a small area. As for the Gauls, all the evidence suggests it was not in any way a "replacement". Plus, the Gauls migrated into Italy before the Empire.
"Substantial" depends on what you mean by that but obviously it was not more than what some people would call elite replacement(which is also vague, but let's say at the most 10%)
What do you mean by break? I thought the peninsula has generally a quite drastic cline to begin with.We've known that there's a break in the Italian genetic cline just south of Rome for years and years, at least since the time of Novembre et al, and there was no wall, just rule by different entities. I'll decide whether I think there was a break in the cline at the time of the Republic when I see some samples from Bronze and Iron Age Southern Italy. IF there is a difference in ancestry at that time it was not because of the slavery practiced during the Empire.
The Lombards are not responsible for the Byzantine-Gothic war, climate(Late Antique ice age) and plague decimating Roman population and cities before they even entered.I'm quite aware that the Germanics poured into the Empire because they were terrified of the Huns and fleeing from them, and that they were also experiencing hunger etc. The Goths had the sense to leave some of the infrastructure in place and leave Italians to run things, but the Gothic War resulted in mass destruction, famine, and disease. Then the Langobards, illiterate, completely unused to Roman civilization, moved in and destroyed the rest. There is no comparison. Italy was a wasteland.
Maybe they mismanaged Rome's Italian ruins, but so did the Western empire mismanage itself in the last century of its life and the Lombards were in an even worse situation with the spread of Islam and Islamic raiding on top of the problem region they inherited already. On top of that their internal faidas in division was also not simply a feature of their culture but also brought by Byzantine interference.