https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.24023
[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]Investigating population genomic continuity between the fifth and sixth century
[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]The fourth through sixth centuries CE in Europe are commonly known as the Migration Period. Historical texts document that a group known as the Lombards, had settled in Pannonia (present-day western Hungary and surrounding regions) in the early sixth century, abandoned Pannonia in 568 CE and invaded Italy, ruling much of Italy for the next two centuries. We analyzed paleogenomic data from cemeteries associated with their migration and the communities that preceded them to test if and to what extent the population of Pannonia in the sixth century showed a change (possibly due to the arrival of the Lombards) and whether the migration/invasion into Italy may have occurred. We generated genomic data from 40 individuals from fifth century (pre-Lombard era) cemeteries from Hungary (Balatonszemes and Hács) and Italy (Bardonecchia and Lavazza). We analyzed these data alongside previously generated data from nearby sixth/seventh century (Lombard-era) cemeteries from Szólád (Hungary) and Collegno (Italy). We found that individuals from Bardonecchia and Lavazza predominantly had ancestry associated with contemporary southern Europeans, consistent with their geography. However, many of the individuals from Collegno possessed almost exclusively ancestry associated with contemporary northern Europeans, supporting the proposed Lombard migration into Italy during the sixth century. In contrast, we found that individuals from Balatonszemes and Hács possessed both northern and southern ancestry, as previously observed for Szólád. We analyzed the sharing of rare variants using medium (5-14x) coverage whole genomes to test whether this was representative of population continuity or migration between the fifth and sixth centuries.
[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]New perspectives on Nubian ancestry: Paleogenomic investigation of the ancient Middle Nile Region
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]ABAGAIL M. BREIDENSTEIN 1, JUDITH NEUKAMM 1,2, CHIARA BARBIERI 3, GIADA FERRARI 4, AGATA T. GONDEK-WYROZEMSKA 5, MOHAMED SAAD ABDALLAH 6,7, MAHMOUD SULIMAN BASHIR 7, MURTADA BUSHARA 7, ROBERT J. STARK 8, JOANNA CIESIELSKA 9, ARTUR OB__USKI 9, BASTIAAN STAR 4, HISHAM YOUSIF HASSAN 10, FRANK RÜHLI 1, VERENA SCHUENEMANN 1 and ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM 11
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 2Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tubingen, 3Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 4Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 5Norweigen College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, & Economies, University of Tromsø‚ The Artic University of Norway, 6Bolheim Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Khartoum, 7National Committee for Antiquities and Museums, Khartoum, 8Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 9Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 10Banoon ART & Cytogenetics Centre, Bahrain Defense Force Hospital, 11Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]The kingdoms of Nubia, located in the Nile River Valley of modern-day northern Sudan, served as an important corridor of migration for millennia.
Since little is known of the ancient genetic landscape, there is a lack of understanding of population movements from Nubian times through the Arab expansion. Here, we created a time-transect of genetic diversity in this region, using whole mitochondrial genome analysis of ancient DNA of samples obtained from several Middle Nile archaeological sites spanning nearly two thousand years, from the Meroitic period (ca. 350 BCE) to before the Arab expansion (ca. 1450 CE). We trialed 40 individuals, extracting DNA using newly developed methods, including petrosal bone extraction, non-heat sample processing, enzymatic pretreatments, and DNA capture techniques, optimized for samples with very poor DNA preservation. We retrieved whole mitogenomes (MT) for six individuals: two with African ancestry and four with Eurasian ancestry.
The ancient Nubians showed most genetic afinity with modern East Africans, Middle Easterners, and Egyptians. These results indicate that Nubians had a strong African component with evidence of gene flow from Eurasia dating back to at least Meroitic through Christian times. Although these individuals encompass varying archaeological contexts and span over two thousand years, these initial results hint at the complexity of the region’s genetic makeup and begin to reconstruct the impact of migrations from outside Africa.
Lastly, our work represents the first successful retrieval of full MT sequence data from Middle Nile inhabitants, further demonstrating the viability of paleogenomic work in northeast Africa.[/FONT]
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[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]Investigating population genomic continuity between the fifth and sixth century
[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]The fourth through sixth centuries CE in Europe are commonly known as the Migration Period. Historical texts document that a group known as the Lombards, had settled in Pannonia (present-day western Hungary and surrounding regions) in the early sixth century, abandoned Pannonia in 568 CE and invaded Italy, ruling much of Italy for the next two centuries. We analyzed paleogenomic data from cemeteries associated with their migration and the communities that preceded them to test if and to what extent the population of Pannonia in the sixth century showed a change (possibly due to the arrival of the Lombards) and whether the migration/invasion into Italy may have occurred. We generated genomic data from 40 individuals from fifth century (pre-Lombard era) cemeteries from Hungary (Balatonszemes and Hács) and Italy (Bardonecchia and Lavazza). We analyzed these data alongside previously generated data from nearby sixth/seventh century (Lombard-era) cemeteries from Szólád (Hungary) and Collegno (Italy). We found that individuals from Bardonecchia and Lavazza predominantly had ancestry associated with contemporary southern Europeans, consistent with their geography. However, many of the individuals from Collegno possessed almost exclusively ancestry associated with contemporary northern Europeans, supporting the proposed Lombard migration into Italy during the sixth century. In contrast, we found that individuals from Balatonszemes and Hács possessed both northern and southern ancestry, as previously observed for Szólád. We analyzed the sharing of rare variants using medium (5-14x) coverage whole genomes to test whether this was representative of population continuity or migration between the fifth and sixth centuries.
[FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]New perspectives on Nubian ancestry: Paleogenomic investigation of the ancient Middle Nile Region
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]ABAGAIL M. BREIDENSTEIN 1, JUDITH NEUKAMM 1,2, CHIARA BARBIERI 3, GIADA FERRARI 4, AGATA T. GONDEK-WYROZEMSKA 5, MOHAMED SAAD ABDALLAH 6,7, MAHMOUD SULIMAN BASHIR 7, MURTADA BUSHARA 7, ROBERT J. STARK 8, JOANNA CIESIELSKA 9, ARTUR OB__USKI 9, BASTIAAN STAR 4, HISHAM YOUSIF HASSAN 10, FRANK RÜHLI 1, VERENA SCHUENEMANN 1 and ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM 11
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]1Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 2Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tubingen, 3Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 4Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 5Norweigen College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, & Economies, University of Tromsø‚ The Artic University of Norway, 6Bolheim Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Khartoum, 7National Committee for Antiquities and Museums, Khartoum, 8Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, 9Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 10Banoon ART & Cytogenetics Centre, Bahrain Defense Force Hospital, 11Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles
[/FONT][FONT=Verdana,Arial,Tahoma,Calibri,Geneva,sans-serif]The kingdoms of Nubia, located in the Nile River Valley of modern-day northern Sudan, served as an important corridor of migration for millennia.
Since little is known of the ancient genetic landscape, there is a lack of understanding of population movements from Nubian times through the Arab expansion. Here, we created a time-transect of genetic diversity in this region, using whole mitochondrial genome analysis of ancient DNA of samples obtained from several Middle Nile archaeological sites spanning nearly two thousand years, from the Meroitic period (ca. 350 BCE) to before the Arab expansion (ca. 1450 CE). We trialed 40 individuals, extracting DNA using newly developed methods, including petrosal bone extraction, non-heat sample processing, enzymatic pretreatments, and DNA capture techniques, optimized for samples with very poor DNA preservation. We retrieved whole mitogenomes (MT) for six individuals: two with African ancestry and four with Eurasian ancestry.
The ancient Nubians showed most genetic afinity with modern East Africans, Middle Easterners, and Egyptians. These results indicate that Nubians had a strong African component with evidence of gene flow from Eurasia dating back to at least Meroitic through Christian times. Although these individuals encompass varying archaeological contexts and span over two thousand years, these initial results hint at the complexity of the region’s genetic makeup and begin to reconstruct the impact of migrations from outside Africa.
Lastly, our work represents the first successful retrieval of full MT sequence data from Middle Nile inhabitants, further demonstrating the viability of paleogenomic work in northeast Africa.[/FONT]
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