Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, N.Levant & S. Caucasus

Wow it's really great they got samples from BA Ebla. That must be as close as we're likely to get from the earliest Semitic speakers, particularly East Semites.
 
ART038 R1b1a2 V1636

This one is really interesting. Where and when is it from? R1b-V1636 was found IIRC in Chalcolithic Armenia as well as in the Chalcolithic Southern Pontic-Caspian Steppe (Progress/Vonyuchka), and some have already speculated it might have something to do with the early split of Anatolian IE from the rest of the IE family.
 
In this video (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420305092) one of the researchers involved in this new paper, Eirini Skourtanioti, explains that the big changes in the Northern Levant are likely to have come from an unsampled population in Northern Mesopotamia. I find that particularly exciting to know, because I have long thought that the most likely source of the Proto-Semitic expansion was not the Levant, let alone the southern Levant, but Northern Mesopotamia, on the crossroads between the Levant, Anatolia, Caucasus and Zagros. I had reached this conclusion in this thread some time ago:

https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threa...the-Chalcolithic-and-Bronze-Age-in-the-Levant
 
In this video (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420305092) one of the researchers involved in this new paper, Eirini Skourtanioti, explains that the big changes in the Northern Levant are likely to have come from an unsampled population in Northern Mesopotamia. I find that particularly exciting to know, because I have long thought that the most likely source of the Proto-Semitic expansion was not the Levant, let alone the southern Levant, but Northern Mesopotamia, on the crossroads between the Levant, Anatolia, Caucasus and Zagros. I had reached this conclusion in this thread some time ago:

https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threa...the-Chalcolithic-and-Bronze-Age-in-the-Levant

How do u explain with that, Afro-Asiatic language family origin?
 
This one is really interesting. Where and when is it from? R1b-V1636 was found IIRC in Chalcolithic Armenia as well as in the Chalcolithic Southern Pontic-Caspian Steppe (Progress/Vonyuchka), and some have already speculated it might have something to do with the early split of Anatolian IE from the rest of the IE family.

Arslantepe site in moden day south turkey:unsure:
 
Interesting paper ! I hope there will be open access version soon. Arslantepe R1b-V1636 the same subclade like one Eneolithic Steppe guy without any autosomal steppe ancestry. His dates will be interesting.

Edit: Date for ART038: 3361-3105 cal BCE.
 
Last edited:
Well, I paid the 31 USD because the video indicated that they had Shulaveri-Shomu... when in fact, not really.
but it wasn't all to waste. So my first comments are.
the Good:
a. they do have DNA from a boy in Mentesh Tepe from 5500bc (so, date is good), but really could only extract Mtdna. So U7 is added to the MTdna of Shulaveri that have H2+152, H15a1, I1 and now U7.
b. they do give an explanation why they can't get their hands on Shulaveri-Shomu samples... The french have them (mostly) all.

the bad:
The Shulaveri boy does plot on PCA as a bit of a stand out being a mix of Barcin and CHG . but even while they state that the Shulaveri boy was from a very different culture they bundle him with the baby in Polutepe, south of Baku (Azerbaijan) that should have much more Iran_N (as opposed to other CHG types).

Anyway, too many meetings today, but will try to read carefully later.
Anyone here can help with the Shulaveri boy BAM file when it becomes available (would be much appreciated).
 
Well, I paid the 31 USD because the video indicated that they had Shulaveri-Shomu... when in fact, not really.
but it wasn't all to waste. So my first comments are.
the Good:
a. they do have DNA from a boy in Mentesh Tepe from 5500bc (so, date is good), but really could only extract Mtdna. So U7 is added to the MTdna of Shulaveri that have H2+152, H15a1, I1 and now U7.
b. they do give an explanation why they can't get their hands on Shulaveri-Shomu samples... The french have them (mostly) all.

the bad:
The Shulaveri boy does plot on PCA as a bit of a stand out being a mix of Barcin and CHG . but even while they state that the Shulaveri boy was from a very different culture they bundle him with the baby in Polutepe, south of Baku (Azerbaijan) that should have much more Iran_N (as opposed to other CHG types).

Anyway, too many meetings today, but will try to read carefully later.
Anyone here can help with the Shulaveri boy BAM file when it becomes available (would be much appreciated).

I told you Shulaveri Shomu will be too late to be the source of the southern component in the Steppe. They have plenty of Iran Hajji-Firuz Chalcolithic. This ancestry spreads all over the Middle East.
 
In this video (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420305092) one of the researchers involved in this new paper, Eirini Skourtanioti, explains that the big changes in the Northern Levant are likely to have come from an unsampled population in Northern Mesopotamia. I find that particularly exciting to know, because I have long thought that the most likely source of the Proto-Semitic expansion was not the Levant, let alone the southern Levant, but Northern Mesopotamia, on the crossroads between the Levant, Anatolia, Caucasus and Zagros. I had reached this conclusion in this thread some time ago:

https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threa...the-Chalcolithic-and-Bronze-Age-in-the-Levant

Yes, you were right.

It always made more sense to me: pastoralism went north-south, J1 went north-south. Why would language have the opposite trajectory?

Well, well, perhaps another one where most of anthrogenica got it completely wrong.
 
Thanks.

Do you know how much G2a2 is in the area today? I know that in the Levant as a whole it's not very frequent, is it?

Do you think they support the contention of the authors of a change in the Iron Age?



you welcome :)
i don't know enough on haplogroup G subclades :unsure:

dates of the sites :)

Untitled.jpg
Lab individual ID Archaeological Site Name 14C age (BP) ± Cal 1 sigma Cal 2 sigma
( source: from other forum)

ALA001 Alalakh3151 24 cal BCE 1486-1407 cal BCE 1496-1325
ALA002 Alalakh3158 22 cal BCE 1487-1412 cal BCE 1496-1401
ALA004 Alalakh3507 23 cal BCE 1883-1776 cal BCE 1895-1752
ALA008 Alalakh3473 23 cal BCE 1875-1748 cal BCE 1881-1700
ALA011 Alalakh3382 23 cal BCE 1729-1641 cal BCE 1741-1624
ALA013 Alalakh3457 24 cal BCE 1870-1698 cal BCE 1878-1693
ALA014 Alalakh3392 23 cal BCE 1737-1646 cal BCE 1743-1630
ALA015 Alalakh3566 26 cal BCE 1944-1887 cal BCE 2014-1781
ALA016 Alalakh3284 24 cal BCE 1609-1528 cal BCE 1617-1506
ALA017 Alalakh3264 23 cal BCE 1605-1504 cal BCE 1614-1466
ALA018 Alalakh3154 26 cal BCE 1490-1409 cal BCE 1497-1326
ALA019 Alalakh3298 23 cal BCE 1613-1534 cal BCE 1625-1511
ALA020 Alalakh3167 29 cal BCE 1493-1415 cal BCE 1502-1395
ALA023 Alalakh3520 25 cal BCE 1892-1776 cal BCE 1921-1763
ALA024 Alalakh3586 39 cal BCE 2010-1891 cal BCE 2111-1779
ALA025 Alalakh3443 25 cal BCE 1862-1693 cal BCE 1877-1686
ALA026 Alalakh3390 25 cal BCE 1736-1645 cal BCE 1744-1628
ALA028 Alalakh3440 26 cal BCE 1858-1692 cal BCE 1877-1666
ALA029 Alalakh3465 26 cal BCE 1873-1702 cal BCE 1880-1695
ALA030 Alalakh3256 25 cal BCE 1605-1499 cal BCE 1612-1457
ALA034 Alalakh3436 24 cal BCE 1763-1692 cal BCE 1874-1666
ALA035 Alalakh3543 24 cal BCE 1930-1784 cal BCE 1948-1774
ALA037 Alalakh3477 24 cal BCE 1876-1750 cal BCE 1882-1701
ALA038 Alalakh3260 24 cal BCE 1605-1501 cal BCE 1613-1461
ALA039 Alalakh3125 24 cal BCE 1431-1324 cal BCE 1448-1303
ALA084 Alalakh3556 25 cal BCE 1941-1883 cal BCE 2006-1777
ALA095 Alalakh3516 25 cal BCE 1889-1776 cal BCE 1913-1756
ART001 Arslantepe3908 26 cal BCE 2465-2348 cal BCE 2470-2301
ART004 Arslantepe4906 26 cal BCE 3696-3656 cal BCE 3758-3642
ART005 Arslantepe4934 27 cal BCE 3757-3659 cal BCE 3770-3654
ART009 Arslantepe4069 20 cal BCE 2826-2505 cal BCE 2834-2497
ART010 Arslantepe4095 26 cal BCE 2835-2580 cal BCE 2857-2505
ART011 Arslantepe4103 25 cal BCE 2839-2581 cal BCE 2859-2575
ART012 Arslantepe4479 26 cal BCE 3327-3098 cal BCE 3338-3031
ART014 Arslantepe4573 27 cal BCE 3369-3140 cal BCE 3492-3119
ART015 Arslantepe4557 25 cal BCE 3363-3137 cal BCE 3369-3110
ART017 Arslantepe4516 25 cal BCE 3346-3116 cal BCE 3351-3103
ART018 Arslantepe4573 25 cal BCE 3368-3142 cal BCE 3491-3122
ART019 Arslantepe4623 24 cal BCE 3494-3363 cal BCE 3499-3355
ART020 Arslantepe4536 25 cal BCE 3356-3124 cal BCE 3362-3105
ART022 Arslantepe4681 75 cal BCE 3623-3370 cal BCE 3642-3137
ART023 Arslantepe4563 25 cal BCE 3365-3139 cal BCE 3486-3117
ART024 Arslantepe4614 24 cal BCE 3491-3361 cal BCE 3497-3352
ART026 Arslantepe4491 26 cal BCE 3331-3103 cal BCE 3340-3096
ART027 Arslantepe4546 25 cal BCE 3360-3130 cal BCE 3365-3108
ART032 Arslantepe4568 21 cal BCE 3366-3146 cal BCE 3484-3124
ART038 Arslantepe4534 27 cal BCE 3356-3121 cal BCE 3361-3105
ART039 Arslantepe4916 27 cal BCE 3702-3658 cal BCE 3762-3646
ART042 Arslantepe5014 29 cal BCE 3925-3715 cal BCE 3941-3708
CBT001 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4725 20 cal BCE 3626-3384 cal BCE 3631-3379
CBT002 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4809 30 cal BCE 3642-3536 cal BCE 3651-3525
CBT003 Çamlıbel Tarlası not dated due to sample preservation restrictions
CBT004 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4765 20 cal BCE 3632-3526 cal BCE 3635-3521
CBT005 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4713 21 cal BCE 3622-3382 cal BCE 3628-3377
CBT010 Çamlıbel Tarlası not dated due to sample preservation restrictions
CBT011 Çamlıbel Tarlası not dated due to sample preservation restrictions
CBT013 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4796 23 cal BCE 3638-3536 cal BCE 3642-3526
CBT014 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4767 28 cal BCE 3633-3525 cal BCE 3639-3385
CBT015 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4787 28 cal BCE 3637-3533 cal BCE 3642-3522
CBT016 Çamlıbel Tarlası 4828 29 cal BCE 3651-3539 cal BCE 3691-3528
CBT017 Çamlıbel Tarlası not dated due to sample preservation restrictions
CBT018 Büyükkaya663530cal BCE 5617-5546cal BCE 5626-5515
ETM001 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM004 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM005 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM006 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM010 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM012 Ebla3997 25 cal BCE 2565-2476 cal BCE 2572-2470
ETM014 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM016 Ebla3605 25 cal BCE 2015-1925 cal BCE 2026-1896
ETM018 Ebla3667 26 cal BCE 2129-1981 cal BCE 2135-1964
ETM023 EblaNo collagen preservation
ETM026 EblaNo collagen preservation
IKI002 İkiztepe4488 22 cal BCE 3329-3102 cal BCE 3338-3095
IKI009 İkiztepe4552 22 cal BCE 3361-3137 cal BCE 3366-3115
IKI012 İkiztepe4557 22 cal BCE 3362-3139 cal BCE 3368-3118
IKI016 İkiztepe4671 22 cal BCE 3512-3374 cal BCE 3518-3371
IKI017 İkiztepe4580 26 cal BCE 3484-3198 cal BCE 3494-3124
IKI024 İkiztepe5080 27 cal BCE 3950-3806 cal BCE3958-3799
IKI030 İkiztepe4635 26 cal BCE 3497-3365 cal BCE 3512-3357
IKI034 İkiztepe4623 26 cal BCE 3494-3362 cal BCE 3500-3352
IKI036 İkiztepe4700 26 cal BCE 3619-3378 cal BCE 3627-3374
IKI037 İkiztepe4748 29 cal BCE 3631-3520 cal BCE 3635-3382
IKI038 İkiztepe4738 26 cal BCE 3631-3386 cal BCE 3633-3381
KRD001 Tell Kurdu6783 23 cal BCE 5710-5662 cal BCE 5720-5640
KRD002 Tell Kurdu6044 22 cal BCE 4991-4911 cal BCE 5005-4849
KRD003 Tell Kurdu6739 23 cal BCE 5661-5630 cal BCE 5706-5622
KRD004 Tell Kurdu6766 25 cal BCE 5703-5639 cal BCE 5714-5632
KRD005 Tell Kurdu6838 24 cal BCE 5739-5676 cal BCE 5756-5664
KRD006 Tell KurduNo collagen preservation
TIT021 TItriş-Höyük3799 25 cal BCE 2285-2156 cal BCE 2331-2141
POT002 Polutepe6491 26 cal BCE 5486-5386 cal BCE 5508-5376
MTT001 Mentesh Tepe6802 27 cal BCE 5717-5670 cal BCE 5729-5644
ALX002 Alkhantepe4950 23 cal BCE 3765-3696 cal BCE 3776-3661

 
How do u explain with that, Afro-Asiatic language family origin?

In my view, after reading a bit of Ehret's hypothesis and taking my own conclusions from aDNA evidences, Proto-Afro-Asiatic was a Northeastern African language associated with cultures from the Early Mesolithic Egypt/Northeastern Sudan, with a population that was basically an intermediary group between the Taforalt/Iberomaurusian and the Natufians.

Natufians had ~27% Taforalt-like ancestry and a lot of E1b1b, especially E-M78, of Northeastern African origin, so I think Proto-Afro-Asiatic expanded to the Levant still during the Mesolithic. Thus Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages evolved and spread to the entire Levant and later to Mesopotamia and maybe other parts of West Asia via Neolithic Levanitnes. In Northern Mesopotamia, the language of Neolithic Levantines would've prevailed, but genetically they would have got an even higher ammount of ANF and a lot of CHG and Iran_Neolithic that they didn't have before. The rest of the Levant would've remained more Levant_Neolithic-like or acquired a more ANF-like makeup, but in the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age a large influx of CHG and Iran_Neolithic happened, but not directly - it came with Northern Mesopotamians i.e. Proto-Semitic people.
 
well, i paid the 31 usd because the video indicated that they had shulaveri-shomu... When in fact, not really.
But it wasn't all to waste. So my first comments are.
The good:
A. They do have dna from a boy in mentesh tepe from 5500bc (so, date is good), but really could only extract mtdna. So u7 is added to the mtdna of shulaveri that have h2+152, h15a1, i1 and now u7.
B. They do give an explanation why they can't get their hands on shulaveri-shomu samples... The french have them (mostly) all.

The bad:
The shulaveri boy does plot on pca as a bit of a stand out being a mix of barcin and chg . But even while they state that the shulaveri boy was from a very different culture they bundle him with the baby in polutepe, south of baku (azerbaijan) that should have much more iran_n (as opposed to other chg types).

Anyway, too many meetings today, but will try to read carefully later.
Anyone here can help with the shulaveri boy bam file when it becomes available (would be much appreciated).

wait a minute ... So in the sample from shulaveri there’s also the mtdna h15 ... In other words .. My mtdna ahha
h15 from georgia , caucasus so....
 
Arslantepe site in moden day south turkey:unsure:

Hmm that makes it even more interesting. ;)

Btw I know the heavy proportion of CHG (~45%) in it may skew the results a bit, but even using CHG as a distinct possible source it's quite intriguing that the Anatolia_Chalcolithic DNA sample has ~6-7% Progress_Steppe-like ancestry, whatever that really means.
 
^^Are you speaking of the R1a1b2 sample?

One sample with "maybe" 6-7% "Progress_Steppe" like ancestry imho may not mean very much at the end of the day.

At that level, it could be "shared" ancestry.

After this spate of papers I am becoming more convinced that most of the steppe ancestry in the Near East may come via Southeastern Europe, or more precisely Sardinia and/or the Aegean, and/or Southern Italy.

Look at what some are calling the "Mitanni" samples, i.e. the Central Asian admixed ones: if they were Mitanni, then the Mitanni had very little steppe by the time they arrived in the Near East.
 
Hmm that makes it even more interesting. ;)

Btw I know the heavy proportion of CHG (~45%) in it may skew the results a bit, but even using CHG as a distinct possible source it's quite intriguing that the Anatolia_Chalcolithic DNA sample has ~6-7% Progress_Steppe-like ancestry, whatever that really means.

Are you talking about Arslantepe R1b ? How did you model him ? He has exactly zero steppe-like ancestry. Btw, I am not the only one saying this. If there was steppe-related ancestry in this sample, the paper would have mentioned it.

I used everything steppe-related from Progress to Yamnaya in the source:

Bildschirmfoto 2020-05-29 um 18.33.07.png

I don´t know why all this papers only mention Caucasus/Zagros,IranN or CHG, the real proximal source is Iran Chalcolithic and/or something related from unsampled Northern Mesopotamia. In the source Tab is CHG and IranN but the model picks up IranChalcolithic(IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C).
 
Are you talking about Arslantepe R1b ? How did you model him ? He has exactly zero steppe-like ancestry. Btw, I am not the only one saying this. If there was steppe-related ancestry in this sample, the paper would have mentioned it.

I used everything steppe-related from Progress to Yamnaya in the source:

View attachment 12118

I don´t know why all this papers only mention Caucasus/Zagros,IranN or CHG, the real proximal source is Iran Chalcolithic and/or something related from unsampled Northern Mesopotamia. In the source Tab is CHG and IranN but the model picks up IranChalcolithic(IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C).

No, sorry I wasn't specific, I was talking about the Barcin_Chalcolithic sample, so Northwestern Anatolia. That wasn't R1b AFAIK. This is a model I've done:

Target
Distance | ADC: 0.25x
Anatolia_Barcin_N
RUS_Khvalynsk_En
RUS_Progress_En
WHG
RUS_Karelia_HG
GEO_CHG
IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N
Levant_PPNB
MNG_Hovsgol_BA
MAR_EN
KEN_Pastoral_N
TZA_Pemba_600BP
KAZ_Botai
RUS_Bolshoy_Oleni_Ostrov
RUS_Kolyma_Meso
Anatolia_Barcin_C:I1584
0,0331234
58,8
0
6,4
0
0
20,4
8,6
5,8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


I just meant that it's interesting that the R1b-V1636 found in Chalcolithic Armenia and Chalcolithic Pontic-Caspian steppe just north of the North Caucasus was also found as far south as Southern Anatolia, and that even in northwestern Anatolia some ammount of steppe-related ancestry may have already been present that early (of course, as Angela says, it might have arrived there not directly, but indirectly via populations that had some of that kind of ancestry - in fact, that's exactly my present view about the arrival of Anatolian IE in Anatolia proper, just a people that descended partly, perhaps even minoritatily, from a Chalcolithic Steppe group).

By the way, where did you get the coordinates for this Arslantepe sample and others like it? I'd really like to "play" with some models on them. :-D
 
I don´t know why all this papers only mention Caucasus/Zagros,IranN or CHG, the real proximal source is Iran Chalcolithic and/or something related from unsampled Northern Mesopotamia. In the source Tab is CHG and IranN but the model picks up IranChalcolithic(IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C).

Maybe because Iran_Chalcolithic, particularly as far from the "core" of Iran as Hajji Firuz (which is really almost Transcaucasia), was already far too mixed to indicate adequately how much the local genetic makeup was changed by the influx of "INF proper" ancestry?

TargetDistanceAnatolia_Barcin_NGEO_CHGIRN_Ganj_Dareh_NLevant_PPNB
IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C:I23230.0442846026.015.235.823.0
IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C:I42410.0366320628.218.429.623.8
IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C:I43490.0300689323.624.632.819.0
IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C:I43510.0436235421.224.425.628.8
Average0.0386522824.820.630.923.6
 
Here is Figure 3A/B from the paper (PCA Plots) from Skourtanioti et al 2020.


Skourtanioti_etal_2020_Figure3a.jpgSkourtanioti_etal_2020_Figure3B.jpg


Regards
 
No, sorry I wasn't specific, I was talking about the Barcin_Chalcolithic sample, so Northwestern Anatolia. That wasn't R1b AFAIK. This is a model I've done:

Target
Distance | ADC: 0.25x
Anatolia_Barcin_N
RUS_Khvalynsk_En
RUS_Progress_En
WHG
RUS_Karelia_HG
GEO_CHG
IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N
Levant_PPNB
MNG_Hovsgol_BA
MAR_EN
KEN_Pastoral_N
TZA_Pemba_600BP
KAZ_Botai
RUS_Bolshoy_Oleni_Ostrov
RUS_Kolyma_Meso
Anatolia_Barcin_C:I1584
0,0331234
58,8
0
6,4
0
0
20,4
8,6
5,8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


I just meant that it's interesting that the R1b-V1636 found in Chalcolithic Armenia and Chalcolithic Pontic-Caspian steppe just north of the North Caucasus was also found as far south as Southern Anatolia, and that even in northwestern Anatolia some ammount of steppe-related ancestry may have already been present that early (of course, as Angela says, it might have arrived there not directly, but indirectly via populations that had some of that kind of ancestry - in fact, that's exactly my present view about the arrival of Anatolian IE in Anatolia proper, just a people that descended partly, perhaps even minoritatily, from a Chalcolithic Steppe group).

By the way, where did you get the coordinates for this Arslantepe sample and others like it? I'd really like to "play" with some models on them. :-D

Interesting, i think the eastern route hypothesis for IE Anatolian languages is dead. One R1b-V1636 sample without steppe ancestry is a very weak argument for the eastern route. I don't know about the western route but in some of my models even BMAC picks up steppe-like ancestry. I don't know what this means. Was there maybe a migration from the eneolithic steppe to BMAC ? If there was where are the relevant steppe Y-Haplogroups in BMAC ?

I got them from "G25 datasheed ancient scaled". "He" is very fast in converting the BAM files into easy accessible format.
 
Hmm that makes it even more interesting. ;)

Btw I know the heavy proportion of CHG (~45%) in it may skew the results a bit, but even using CHG as a distinct possible source it's quite intriguing that the Anatolia_Chalcolithic DNA sample has ~6-7% Progress_Steppe-like ancestry, whatever that really means.


https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslantepe

from the paper :

We observe the
most common male lineages J1a, J2a, J2b, and G2a in all spatiotemporal
groups of the region. Alongside the less frequent lineages
H2 and T1a, these all form part of the genetic legacy that
dates to the Neolithic or was already present in the region during
the Upper Paleolithic (Wang et al., 2019; Lazaridis et al., 2016;
Jones et al., 2015; Feldman et al., 2019; Broushaki et al.,
2016). A few notable exceptions provide rather anecdotal but
nonetheless important evidence for long distance mobility and
extended Y-haplogroup diversity. For example, individual
ART038 carries Y-haplotype R1b-V1636 (R1b1a2), which is a
rare clade related to other early R1b-lineages, such as R1b-
V88 that was found in low frequency in Neolithic Europe (e.g.,
Haak et al., 2015) and R1b-Z2103—the main Y-lineage that is
associated with the spread of ‘‘steppe ancestry’’ across West
Eurasia during the early Bronze Age. However, R1b-V1636 and
R1b-Z2103 lineages split long before (17 kya) and therefore
there is no direct evidence for an early incursion from the
Pontic steppe during the main era of Arslantepe
 

This thread has been viewed 59215 times.

Back
Top