The “Yamnaya” Were Not The Ancestors Of The “Corded Ware” And “Bell Beakers”

@bicicleur 2 & Gaska

Whats your opinion of the genotype trait map ?

Figure 2 diagram.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/exd.14142

[h=1]Skin colour and vitamin D: An update[/h][FONT=&quot]Andrea Hanel, Carsten Carlberg[FONT=icomoon !important][/FONT]


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[FONT=&quot]First published: 03 July 2020
https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14142
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[h=2]4 HISTORY OF SKIN LIGHTENING IN EUROPEANS[/h][FONT=&quot]The genetic history of today’s European populations is based on continuous migrations over the past 40 000 years. [/FONT]Homo sapiens arrived in Europe from Near East some 42 000 years ago.[48, 49] Like in their African origin, these humans had dark skin but due to variations of their OCA2 gene (causing iris de***mentation) many of them had blue eyes[48, 50] (Figure 2, left). At that time, still ancestral Neanderthal hominins lived in Europe, whom had arrived from Africa at least some 400 000 years earlier.[50-52] Through interbreeding with modern humans, the Neanderthalers were outnumbered[53] and disappeared a few thousand years
 
I am pitching in a bit late. When the first paper about the Yamna culture's Y-DNA was published in 2015, I pointed out a few possible reasons explaining why the R1b samples were all Z2103. Those reasons were:

1) Few samples were tested and hardly any came from the western Yamna in Ukraine, but mostly from the Volga region and around Kalmykia.

2) Practically all the samples tested came from elite burials (kurgans). As royal families tend to share a same patrilineal lineage, it would make sense that most elite burials in a same region of the Yamna culture belong to the same haplogroup. That, however, does not mean that it is representative of the population as a whole.

No R1a-M417 or R1b-L51 have been found in the Yamna culture yet, but they suddenly pop up in Corded Ware, Bell Beaker and Unetice cultures along with Steppe admixture and Steppe mtDNA. The only reasonable explanation is that they did come from the Yamna culture, but were simply not represented among the few elite burials tested so far. They cannot have just appeared out of thin air from nowhere!
 
L51 suddenly pop up in Swiss dolmens typical of megalithic culture (Aesch, Auvernier, Burgaschisee-2.750 BC)- aprox 150 years later it appears in the BBC (Kromsdorff) and 300 years later in the CWC (Althausen and southern Poland). Two of the Swiss Neolithic farmers (Auvernier and Burgaschisee) can be modeled perfectly without steppe ancestry while Aesch25 despite having a mitochondrial lineage typical of EEFs seems to be close to the CWC. Both bottlenecks and a massive founder effect can explain their sudden appearance and in any case we cannot ignore the Swiss samples because even if they had their origin in the steppes we would be dealing with solitary explorers buried in dolmens, i.e., mixed with EEFs and therefore rapidly acculturated. It seems impossible that these men were able to impose their language on the local farmers.
 
The Ukrainian and Russian steppes are one of the most genetically analyzed regions in the world, there are dozens of samples to be published but the leaks still do not speak of M269>L51 neither in khvalynsk nor in sredni stog, not even in Repin. Eneolithic Progress is V1636 like khvalynsk and in yamnaya Hungary there are only z2103 and I2a-L699, the chances of finding L51 in the steppes are much lower than six years ago. There are also rumors about L51 in Bulgaria and they could be true as we have Smyadovo-M269 (4,500 BC). To solve the mystery we not only have to keep looking in the steppes, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, France or Iberia can still give us many surprises.
 

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