Well, here we have come to talk about the steppe theory and that is what I am going to do.
It is important to understand what the famous steppe ancestry consists of, according to the Kurganist scientists and propagandists it appeared in continental Europe at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC with the CWC (75%-Yamnaya)-The autosomal composition of this steppe culture (3.300-2. 600 BC) is reduced to three components (EHG +CHG+ EEF) assumed to have been introduced into continental Europe exclusively by the male lineages R1a-M417 and R1b-M269/L51/P312, linked to both CWC and BBC-Discarded Yamnaya culture as the origin of these mass migrations because of the non-existence of R1a-M417 and R1b-L51, the Kurganists have had to resort either to the phantasmagoric group called Eneolithic of the Steppes (Progress2 and Vonyuschka) or to the Sredni Stog culture as the supposed origin of both these male lineages and of the new autosomal composition detected in Europe. But the important points are;
1-To date, the R1b-L51 marker has not been found in the Yamnaya culture or in any other of the steppe cultures studied, which prevents the establishment of a direct male genetic connection between the steppes and Western Europe. Neither R1a-M417 nor R1b-Z2103, nor R1b-V1636, nor I2a-L699 have been found in any French, English or Iberian Neolithic or Chalcolithic site therefore these male lineages cannot be linked to the spread of IE.
2-The calculated autosomal compositions can not only be manipulated by choosing certain samples and excluding others that do not fit the theories that are intended to demonstrate, but also by studying individuals that may or may not be representative of their respective communities or cultures, since each one of them has its own personal and family history- It is therefore useless to generalize and draw indisputable conclusions using a small number of samples (which are not usually contemporary with each other), since the autosomal composition of a few individuals is clearly insufficient to understand the entire genetic history of a region, a culture, or a prehistoric period.
3- The typical steppe signal (50%-EHG and 50%-CHG) was present in steppe cultures at least since the Neolithic (Khvalynsk culture), which invalidates the hypothesis that migrations from the Yamnaya culture are the only possible source of the entry of this marker into Continental Europe.
4-Steppe ancestry (EHG-CHG) has been detected in some individuals of the Sredni Stog (Vovnigi, Volniensky.5 .400 BC), Gumelnita-Karanovo (Smyadovo, Varna-4,500 BC) and Cucuteni-Tripillya (Gordinești, Pocrovca-3,300 BC) which demonstrates the spread of this autosomal signal throughout Eastern Europe long before the Yamnaya culture existed (3,300-2. 600 BC) and opens the door to the possibility that it was spread by western Europe thanks to the Neolithic migrations and to the exogamy practiced by those societies, without having to resort to the explanation of the massive steppe migrations nor to the CWC-The existence of the autosomal CHG component in the Neolithic of Turkey, Greece and Italy has been demonstrated beyond any doubt, which means that the Anatolian Neolithic farmers that spread throughout Europe were able to carry this Caucasian marker to the rest of Europe creating autosomal signals very similar to the typical one of the steppe cultures.
5- No autosomal component detected in the Yamnaya culture is foreign to the autosomal composition of the neolithic farmers of central and western Europe (which in the case of Iberia and the GAC had 25% WHGs). Ehg is a mixture of ANE and WHG, WHGs have small percentages of ANE in their autosomes, the percentage of EEF in Yamnaya is western (i.e. it comes from the Balkans, not from Anatolia or Caucasus), because it has a good percentage of WHgs. Regarding CHG, we have already seen that it reached the Balkans and the Italian Peninsula very early. This means that the percentages of Yamnaya ancestry in the European Chalcolithic are quite difficult to calculate and may cause gross errors in many researchers.
Considering this situation we have to ask ourselves when and how did the steppe ancestry arrive? This paper is fundamental to understanding what happened-Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland-Anja Furtwängler (2.020)-
-*Suplementary Data-4-qpAdm admixture models for each individual-P-values greater than 0,05 (model is no rejected) marked in green-WHG-Anatolian Farmer-Yamnaya-Samara-Using the right population-Ethiopia, MA1-HG, Villabruna, Papuan, Onge, Han, Karitiana-
*Neolithic Samples-
*I0405-Mina3 (3.750 AC)-HapY-I2a1a/1-Mit-K1a1/b1-WHG (0.192) AF (0.662) Yamnaya (0.147)
*I0406-Mina4 (3.750 AC)-HapY-I2a2a/1b2-Mit-H1-WHG (0.221) AF (0.665) Yamnaya (0.114)
*I4308 (3.500 AC)-Collet Redon-WHG (0.221) AF (0,673) Yamnaya (0.106)
*I0519 (3.230 AC)-Banbury Lane-HapY-I-Mit-X2b@226-WHG (0.253) AF (0.584) Yamnaya (0.163)
*I0520 (3.230 AC)-Banbury Lane-HapY-I-Mit-U5a2/c-WHG (0.2379) AF (0.516) Yamnaya (0.247)
*I0800 (3.221 AC)-Salzmuende- WHG (0.298) AF (0542) Yamnaya (0.161)
*RA45 (3.011 BC)-Oberpipp-Mit-H1-WHG (0,304) Anatolina Farmer (0,568) Yamnaya- (0.129)
*Aesch16 (3.004 BC)-Mit-K1a2-WHG (0,201)-Anatolian Farmer (0,563)-Yamnaya-S (0,237)
*I2629 (2.980 AC)-Isbister, Orkney-HapY-I2-Hap Mit-J1c1/b-WHG (0.177) AF (0.355) Yamnaya (0.468)
*Aesch9 (2.899 BC)-Hap MIt-U5b2/b5-WHG (0,231)-AF (0,622)-Yamnaya-S (0,148)
*Aesch20 (2.895 BC)-HapY-G2a-Z6488-Mit-K2b1/a-WHG (0,264)-AF (0.543)-Yam-S (0.193)
*Aesch6 (2.832 BC)-HapY-G2a2a-PF3147-Mit-H5-WHG (0.235)-AF (0.641)-Yamnaya-S (0.123)
*Aesch21 (No collagen)-HapY-G2a-PF3239-Mit-U8b1/b1-WHG (0,201)-AF (0,545)-Yam-S (0.254)
*Aesch7 (No collagen)-HapY-G2a-Z6488-Mit-U5b2/b2-WHG (0.204)-AF (0.662)-Yamnaya-S (0.134)
*MX304 (2.734 AC)-Dolmen de AuvernierHapY-R1b-CTS5330-WHG (0.043) AF (0.743)-Yamnaya-S (0.215)
*MX310 (2.721 AC)-Burgäschisee-HapY-R1b1a/2-M269-WHG (0.00)-AF (0.700)-Yamnaya-S (0.300)
*Aesch25 (2.682 BC)-HapY-R1b-L51-Mit-X2b@226-WHG (0,113)-AF (0.089)-Yamnaya-S (0.798)
It seems clear that steppe ancestry was present in small percentages-10-25% in western Europe because we have 24 samples of western Neolithic farmers with clear Yamnaya-Samara ancestry-Switzerland-10 (1-Oberpipp, 7-Aesch, 1-Auvernier, 1-Burgaschisee)- Britain-10 (2-Banbury Lane, 8-Scotland-Isbister-Orkney-2,980 BC-46.8 %), Iberia-2-(2-La Mina-3,750 BC)- Germany-1 (1-Salzmuende-3,211 BC)-France-(1-Collet Redon-3,500 BC)-It is also interesting to note that the male lineages that have these Yamnaya percentages are I2a1a, I2a2a, G2a, G2a2a........The first conclusions we can draw are that the steppe ancestry arrived in Western Europe with the Neolithic farmers, that R1b-L51, R1a-M417, R1b Z2103 etc had nothing to do at first with the issue, that women participated in the process in a very important way and that linking this situation with the spread of IE is a very very very very risky theory.
To complicate the situation even more, the first BBs--R1b-P312 both in Great Britain and Iberia are curiously the ones with the lowest percentages of Yamnaya ancestry of all the samples analyzed by Iñigo Olalde (8-20%). How is this possible? if they came directly from the steppes, shouldn't it have been the other way around, i.e. they would have been progressively losing that signal when mixing with farm women due to exogamy?