The genomic history of the Middle East.(Final paper)

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Amazing paucity of J2a in the southern Middle East. There's almost as much J2b, of which there were 2, I think, one in Yemen of all places. That really is the divide in terms of yDna: J2 dominating in the north and J1 predominantly in the south, although there's T and E and some G2 and even R1a in the south, more so than J2.

Interesting.
 
No T1a2 (Post #21) … though a while ago there was a site listing the y T1a2 members of a Royal family, but now it's gone … they realized that their y line got there from Europe a few hundred years ago. (Contradicting their story-line that they have been there since the time of the Prophet)
 
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Salento said:
No T1a2 (Post #21) … though a while ago there was a site listing the y T1a2 members of a Royal family, but now it's gone … they realized that their y line got there from Europe a few hundred years ago. (Contradicting their story-line that they have been there since the time of the Prophet)
Click to expand...

2 of the 4 x T1a1 samples have lines which are less than 2000ybp ................the Saudi royal family is stated as a young line....most likely of Persian lines and an older path to modern Uzbekistan
 
this should be intersting future paper:cool-v:

Qatar Genome: Insights on Genomics from the Middle East
Hamdi Mbarek, Geethanjali Devadoss Gandhi, Senthil Selvaraj, Wadha Al-Muftah, Radja Badji, Yasser Al-Sarraj, Chadi Saad, Dima Darwish, Muhammad Alvi, Tasnim Fadl, Heba Yasin, Fatima Al-Kuwari, Rozaimi Mohamad Razali, Waleed Aamer, Fatemeh Abbaszadech, Ikhlak Ahmed, Younes Mokrab, Karsten Suhre, Omar Albagha, Khalid Fakhro, Ramin Badii, Said I. Ismail, Asmaa Althani, The Qatar Genome Program Research Consortium
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.19.21263548
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review

Abstract
Despite recent biomedical breakthroughs and large genomic studies growing momentum, the Middle Eastern population, home to over 4000 million people, is under-represented in the human genome variation databases. Here we describe insights from phase 1 of the Qatar Genome Program which whole genome sequenced 6,045 individuals from Qatar. We identified more than 88 million variants of which 24 million are novel and 23 million are singletons. Consistent with the high consanguinity and founder effects in the region, we found that several rare deleterious variants were more common in the Qatari population while others seem to provide protection against diseases and have shaped the genetic architecture of adaptive phenotypes. Insights into the genetic structure of the Qatari population revealed five non-admixed subgroups. Based on sequence data, we obtained and the heritability and genetic marker associations for 45 clinical traits. These results highlight the value of our data as a resource to advance genetic studies in the Arab and neighbouring Middle Eastern populations and will significantly boost the current efforts to improve our understanding of global patterns of human variations, human history and genetic contributions to health and diseases in diverse populations.
​



small taste:)
Genetic Ancestry and Diversity of the Qatari population
To capture the genetic diversity of the Qatari population and understand its relationship with the
world’s populations in both modern and ancient times, we identified five major ancestries:
General Arabs (QGP_GAR, 38%), Peninsular Arabs (QGP_PAR, 17%), Arabs of Western
Eurasia and Persia (QGP_WEP, 22%), South Asians (QGP_SAS, 1%), Africans (QGP_AFR,
3%) and Admixed (QGP_ADM, 19%) (Razali et al., in press) (Figure S8). We also characterized
a group of Peninsular Arabs forming a unique cluster within known descendants originating from
the historical homeland of ancient Arab tribes. Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Chromosome Y (Chr Y) in the dataset has enriched the poorly characterized landscape of haplogroups in Arab and Middle East populations in general. Notably, J1a2b a Chr Y haplogroup seen previously in Yemen, has been observed in 1,419 males, which is the largest set of individuals ever sequenced within this haplogroup. We discovered 103 novel Y-Chr SNPs in these individuals, which aided the expansion of this haplogroup to 29 novel sub-haplogroups. Using this unique dataset, we built a panel for genotype imputation for Arabs and Middle Eastern ancestries which shows an improved imputation score for rare and common allele frequencies variants (Razali et al., in press).
 
samples in yfull;)
https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/542/

P.s
The iraqi e-y4972 individual is not iraqi arab
But iraqi kurd interesting ;)
e-v22 appear here in iraqi arabs
i see it also in e3b project lots of iraqi arabs have e-v22 if they fall on e1b1b1 haplogroup :)
 
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real expert said:
Levantines had a distinct bottleneck overlapping the 4.2 kya aridification event. We found an association between movement and admixture of populations in the region and the spread of Semitic languages
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An aridification event 4200 years ago...
As you pointed out that fits with the rise of the Semitic peoples.
But it also correlates with the IndoEuropean conquest of Western Europe. That same exact date.

Coincidences between the expansion of IndoEuropeans and Semites is something I noticed and published a thread previously.

https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/41665-The-Aryan-Semitic-link

As if a climate change provided them the opportunity of reshaping the ethnic, linguistic and cultural landscape of their respective regions.
 
kingjohn said:
samples in yfull;)
https://www.yfull.com/samples-from-paper/542/

P.s
The iraqi e-y4972 individual is not iraqi arab
But iraqi kurd interesting ;)
e-v22 appear here in iraqi arabs
i see it also in e3b project lots of iraqi arabs have e-v22 if they fall on e1b1b1 haplogroup :)
Click to expand...

To the best of my recollection Iraqi Arabs arrived relatively late in Iraq from their homeland in the Arabian peninsula (mid-7th century) and then there's the movement of Bedouin into the territory as well (although I don't know much about their yDna) so not a surprise.

However, what y dna remains is probably, imo, not a very good clue for the frequency of certain y Dna in, say, the Classical Era or even in the first millennium B.C., given that the Mongols virtually destroyed the entire area, killing probably the majority of the people. What y dna was spared was probably just a question of chance. (They also destroyed the vast, millennia old irrigation infrastructure which had made it Mesopotamia a fertile garden. Then people ask what the heck happened to the Near East? The Mongols is a big part of the answer, along with the Ottoman and other kinds of Turks.)

It might be interesting to look at the yDna of Assyrian Christians and Mandaeans, the remnant who didn't convert and adopt the "Arab Muslim" identity, although there you're probably dealing with founder effect, so probably ancient dna is the most fruitful avenue to pursue.
 
Angela said:
To the best of my recollection Iraqi Arabs arrived relatively late in Iraq from their homeland in the Arabian peninsula (mid-7th century) and then there's the movement of Bedouin into the territory as well (although I don't know much about their yDna) so not a surprise.

However, what y dna remains is probably, imo, not a very good clue for the frequency of certain y Dna in, say, the Classical Era or even in the first millennium B.C., given that the Mongols virtually destroyed the entire area, killing probably the majority of the people. What y dna was spared was probably just a question of chance. (They also destroyed the vast, millennia old irrigation infrastructure which had made it Mesopotamia a fertile garden. Then people ask what the heck happened to the Near East? The Mongols is a big part of the answer, along with the Ottoman and other kinds of Turks.)

It might be interesting to look at the yDna of Assyrian Christians and Mandaeans, the remnant who didn't convert and adopt the "Arab Muslim" identity, although there you're probably dealing with founder effect, so probably ancient dna is the most fruitful avenue to pursue.
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agree they should reflect more older populations in mesopotamia ( without any doubt about assyrians)
yes the mongols were not sweet pretty crule
they destroy everything that was in there way ...:frown:

p.s
interesting that in iraq dna project there are 2 y haplogroup D cases might be a descendets of those
mongols to some extent or some turkic influence:unsure:
 
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kingjohn said:
This new paper :
upper mesopotamia neolithic
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.478487v1
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ConclusionWhereas the main driver behind European Neolithization has been recognized as mass populationmovements from Anatolia and/or Southeast Europe (9, 22, 24), the role of human movement inthe multi-millennia process of Neolithization in Southwest Asia is less understood. Here, wedescribed the formation of Upper Mesopotamian PPN populations, represented by PPNB Çayönü,as an admixture event between western and eastern populations of early Holocene SouthwestAsia. The PPNB Çayönü community appears to have carried relatively high genetic diversitylevels relative to PPN Central Anatolia and pre-Neolithic Europe which indicates that the site wasopen to interaction.Nearly half a century ago archaeologists Robert Braidwood and Halet Çambel described Çayönüas a perfect spot for the emergence of sedentism and agriculture, due its location along the HillyFlanks of the Taurus and Zagros Mountains where progenitors of plant and domesticates naturallyco-existed (59). We hypothesise that Çayönü was also a lively hub of interregional networks,potentially due to its location between the sources of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in UpperMesopotamia. Recent discoveries and ongoing research at sites such as Göbekli Tepe andKarahan Tepe (60, 61) continue to demonstrate the significance of this region as a central node ofcultural dynamism and social networks.

PPNA were cereal farmers in the Levant area - allthough they appear to have pulses too
whereas animal domestication seems to have happened along the Hilly Flanks of the Taurus and Zagros Mountains

PPNB was a merger between cereal farmers from the Levant and herders from the Hilly Flanks of the Taurus and Zagros Mountains
 
I now looked in supplementary table 2:

The 2 males are :

cay007- j2
cay012- C2

Mtdna types:

K1, k1a, k1a3, k1a4, k1a12a, k1b1
T2g
 
So this is in addition to what Patterson found, i.e. a gene flow from the Caucasus area into Anatolia "before" agriculture?

Very interesting. I need to read the whole paper. Intriguing that they were doing head shaping.
 
it is not clear to me when the pulse from Cayonu to Cathal Hoyuk happened exactly
Catal Hoyuk was founded ca 9,4 ka, they had sheep but cattle was introduced later, around 8,8 ka at the same time as first settlers arrived in the Barcin area
 
bicicleur 2 said:
C2 in PPNB middle east - very strange
and not even an outlier
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Thats what it shows in there supplementary table 2:
But pribislav from anthrogenica
Thinks it is a mistake
And that it realy belong to c1a2-v86 branch
Will see when bam files are out
Where it land
:unsure:

P.s
About the j2 individual i think it
Should be j2a rather than j2b
 
I'm afraid you're the one who is confused. EEF means Early European Farmers. They were a mix of Anatolian farmers with a small extra addition of WHG picked up in Europe.

Anatolian farmers were a combination of Levant Neo plus what used to be called Unknown Hunger Gatherer (UHG), but which Patterson says was basically just WHG. They also had some CHG/Iranian Neolithic in them which DATES, the new dating algorithm, says arrived around 9600 BCE. Dienekes knew that years and years ago when he found it in Otzi. If you go back and look at some of the modeling Jovialis has done you'll see it in Balkan Neolithic.

There was a later, much larger pulse of ancestry from the Caucasus during the Bronze Age which affected all of the Near East and even made its way into Europe, but it had obviously been trickling south and west even before the adoption of agriculture

None of this is new; it's just that we now have more precise dates for it.
 
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