Except for one or two, the words listed at the beginning of the thread also have 'a' or 'e' at the beginning, in Portuguese (and certainly in Galician). Portuguese and Galician have another alterations that draws as much attention as this one of 'a' and 'e' and that of the absence of 'f' in Spanish, it is the drop of intervocalic 'l' and 'n', which curiously:
"Of the languages spoken in the territory of the future Portugal... prior to Latin... we don't know to what extent the linguistic structures will have determined or influenced certain peculiar characteristics of the Portuguese language, such as, for example, the fall of the intervocalic l, remarkable in the local evolution of both Latin and Arabic."
Breve história de Portugal, A. H. Oliveira Marques, October 2019 (my translation)
Drop of the 'l'
English > Latin > Portuguese
leave > salire > sair
palace > palatiu > paço
hot > calente > quente
pain > dolore > dor
color > colore > cor
snake > colubra > cobra
will > voluntade > vontade
thread > filu > fio
candle> candela > candeia
people > populu > povo
danger > periculu > perigo
devil > diabolu > diabo
fog > nebula > névoa
alone > solo > só
sky > caelum > céu
bad > malum > mau
...
Drop of the 'n'
English > Latin > Portuguese
hand > manu > mão
wool > lana > lã
good > bonu > bom
deer > venatum > veado
cattle > ganatum > gado
put > ponere > por
bread > pane > pão
sand > arena > areia
moon > lunam > lua
full > pleno > cheio
come > venir > vir
West > ponente > poente
...
Evolution of intervocalic sonorants from latim to Spanish and portuguese
https://jpl.letras.ulisboa.pt/article/id/5647/