Angela
Elite member
- Messages
- 21,823
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- 12,329
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- Ethnic group
- Italian
Putin's claims that Ukrainians and Russians are basically the same people don't seem to be borne out by the genetic data.
See:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754318307419
"The Russian Federation (Russia) has one of the most ethnically diverse indigenous human populations within a single country. According to the 2010 census, 195 ethnic groups are represented on Russian territory. The migrations of the last millennia have created a complex patchwork of human diversity that represents today's Russia. The (pre)historic milestones that founded modern Russian populations include settlement of Northern areas of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, the eastward expansion of the Indo-European speakers, the westward expansion of the Uralic and Altai language families and centuries of admixture between them [[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]]. The migration routes for peopling Northern and Central Eurasia and the Americas inevitably passed through this territory, followed by the waves of great human migrations together with the exchange of knowledge and technology (and likely the genes) along the Silk Road [7,8]. Studies of population ancestry and structure in Russia would further provide genomic links to the lost Neanderthal and Denisovan cultures discovered in Russia's fossil beds [9,10].There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15]."
"Our study presents analyses of the whole genome sequences (WGS) at 30× coverage of 60 newly sequenced individuals from three populations: Pskov region (western Russia), Novgorod region (western Russia), and Yakutia (eastern Siberia), and comparing these to 204 individuals from 52 populations including both Russians and other ethnic groups.
"Our data lend support to historical records that suggest that the ethnic Russian people had early contact with groups speaking Uralic and Baltic languages and their subsequent expansion from the Central Eastern Europe to North, South and Eastern frontiers, followed by encounters with Uralic and also Baltic speaking populations [11,12]. This historical contact inevitably contributed to admixture and to the patterns seen in the current local genome diversity in western Russia. While ethnic Russian populations cluster with the West Europeans in the PCA plot (Fig. 2a, b), the groupings are not tight; rather they are spread along an axis indicating divergence and admixture (Fig. 2b). The neighbor-joining and fineSTRUCTURE trees show that Novgorod and Pskov define distinct clusters that group with their immediate neighbors: Novgorod with the Uralic (Komi, Ingrian, Estonian) and Pskov with the Baltic people (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian) (Fig. 4a and b). At the same time, the Uralic populations very likely received the genetic contributions from the Russians and other Slavs, with whom they share branches of the phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2b; Fig. 4b). In addition, other peoples that came in contact in the area carry the evidence of historic admixture (e.g. Scandinavian and Finns: Fig. 2b).
The occurrence of Uralic admixture in Novgorod corroborates the historic evidence. In the middle of the 9th century, Novgorod was an important trade post on the route from the Baltic Sea to Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire. At the time, various Finnish, Baltic, and Slavic tribes populated the area [13]. The presence of Uralic admixture in Novgorod is justified by the historic contacts and gene flow that occurred for at least a millennium. Pskov is the westernmost region in modern Russia, and the presence of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians in the same branch on the phylogenetic tree probably indicates the same gene flow in the area, as the three modern Baltic countries had historic contact.
When we examined the Yakut ethnic population in Siberia, our analysis supports the prior historic evidence on the origin of the Yakut people who live in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in eastern Siberia (North East Asia) and that practiced animal husbandry and semi-nomadic lifestyle. The ancestors of Yakuts were Turkic people with some Mongolian admixture that migrated from the Yenisey river to the Lake Baikal region, and expanded to the north, as far as Kolyma river [72]. Our data clearly shows this to be the case, indicating among other things a historic admixture between the Yakut and the native North Siberian people such as Evens and Evenks (Fig. 4b). On the other hand, some individuals are closer
."
There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15].There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15]."There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15].
See:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754318307419
"The Russian Federation (Russia) has one of the most ethnically diverse indigenous human populations within a single country. According to the 2010 census, 195 ethnic groups are represented on Russian territory. The migrations of the last millennia have created a complex patchwork of human diversity that represents today's Russia. The (pre)historic milestones that founded modern Russian populations include settlement of Northern areas of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans, the eastward expansion of the Indo-European speakers, the westward expansion of the Uralic and Altai language families and centuries of admixture between them [[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]]. The migration routes for peopling Northern and Central Eurasia and the Americas inevitably passed through this territory, followed by the waves of great human migrations together with the exchange of knowledge and technology (and likely the genes) along the Silk Road [7,8]. Studies of population ancestry and structure in Russia would further provide genomic links to the lost Neanderthal and Denisovan cultures discovered in Russia's fossil beds [9,10].There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15]."
"Our study presents analyses of the whole genome sequences (WGS) at 30× coverage of 60 newly sequenced individuals from three populations: Pskov region (western Russia), Novgorod region (western Russia), and Yakutia (eastern Siberia), and comparing these to 204 individuals from 52 populations including both Russians and other ethnic groups.
"Our data lend support to historical records that suggest that the ethnic Russian people had early contact with groups speaking Uralic and Baltic languages and their subsequent expansion from the Central Eastern Europe to North, South and Eastern frontiers, followed by encounters with Uralic and also Baltic speaking populations [11,12]. This historical contact inevitably contributed to admixture and to the patterns seen in the current local genome diversity in western Russia. While ethnic Russian populations cluster with the West Europeans in the PCA plot (Fig. 2a, b), the groupings are not tight; rather they are spread along an axis indicating divergence and admixture (Fig. 2b). The neighbor-joining and fineSTRUCTURE trees show that Novgorod and Pskov define distinct clusters that group with their immediate neighbors: Novgorod with the Uralic (Komi, Ingrian, Estonian) and Pskov with the Baltic people (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian) (Fig. 4a and b). At the same time, the Uralic populations very likely received the genetic contributions from the Russians and other Slavs, with whom they share branches of the phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2b; Fig. 4b). In addition, other peoples that came in contact in the area carry the evidence of historic admixture (e.g. Scandinavian and Finns: Fig. 2b).
The occurrence of Uralic admixture in Novgorod corroborates the historic evidence. In the middle of the 9th century, Novgorod was an important trade post on the route from the Baltic Sea to Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire. At the time, various Finnish, Baltic, and Slavic tribes populated the area [13]. The presence of Uralic admixture in Novgorod is justified by the historic contacts and gene flow that occurred for at least a millennium. Pskov is the westernmost region in modern Russia, and the presence of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians in the same branch on the phylogenetic tree probably indicates the same gene flow in the area, as the three modern Baltic countries had historic contact.
When we examined the Yakut ethnic population in Siberia, our analysis supports the prior historic evidence on the origin of the Yakut people who live in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in eastern Siberia (North East Asia) and that practiced animal husbandry and semi-nomadic lifestyle. The ancestors of Yakuts were Turkic people with some Mongolian admixture that migrated from the Yenisey river to the Lake Baikal region, and expanded to the north, as far as Kolyma river [72]. Our data clearly shows this to be the case, indicating among other things a historic admixture between the Yakut and the native North Siberian people such as Evens and Evenks (Fig. 4b). On the other hand, some individuals are closer
There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15].There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15]."There remain ongoing discussions about the origins of the ethnic Russian population. The ancestors of ethnic Russians were among the Slavic tribes that separated from the early Indo-European Group, which included ancestors of modern Slavic, Germanic and Baltic speakers, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe ca. 1500 years ago. Slavs were found in the central part of Eastern Europe, where they came in direct contact with (and likely assimilation of) the populations speaking Uralic (Volga-Finnish and Baltic-Finnish), and also Baltic languages [[11], [12], [13]]. In the following centuries, Slavs interacted with the Iranian-Persian, Turkic and Scandinavian peoples, all of which in succession may have contributed to the current pattern of genome diversity across the different parts of Russia. At the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period, there occurred a division of the East Slavic unity into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. It was the Russians who drove the colonization movement to the East, although other Slavic, Turkic and Finnish peoples took part in this movement, as the eastward migrations brought them to the Ural Mountains and further into Siberia, the Far East, and Alaska. During that interval, the Russians encountered the Finns, Ugrians, and Samoyeds speakers in the Urals, but also the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus speakers of Siberia. Finally, in the great expanse between the Altai Mountains on the border with Mongolia, and the Bering Strait, they encountered paleo-Asiatic groups that may be genetically closest to the ancestors of the Native Americans [14]. Today's complex patchwork of human diversity in Russia has continued to be augmented by modern migrations from the Caucasus, and from Central Asia, as modern economic migrations take shape [15].