Southern Italian Ethnogenesis (My theory)

I'm quite aware. It's not, however, 100% Natufian people who moved into Anatolia and thence into Europe.

It's Neolithic people from the Levant, who didn't look anything like that.

So, once again, the point is a FAIL.

Hey I think you pointed this out in the past that the Anatolian Farmers introduced the light skinned allele into Europe. That's the irony of the "I'm an indigenous European"from the NW Euro crew who have minimal genetic connection to hunter gatherers and much greater genetic affiliation with those ol Anatolian farmers that gave them Stonehenge and lighter skin.
 
Hey I think you pointed this out in the past that the Anatolian Farmers introduced the light skinned allele into Europe. That's the irony of the "I'm an indigenous European"from the NW Euro crew who have minimal genetic connection to hunter gatherers and much greater genetic affiliation with those ol Anatolian farmers that gave them Stonehenge and lighter skin.

I'm on record as saying that I don't think there were "Europeans" in the sense we mean today until the Bronze Age, when there was an admixture of all the different "components" which make up "Europeans".

As for HG versus "Farmer", it's all a bit silly, don't you think? Everybody was a hunter gatherer first. So, we're all descended from hunter-gatherers. THEN, agriculture and animal husbandry was invented. The people in Anatolia started out as hunter-gatherers, as did the people of the Levant. Likewise, all Europeans have been farmers for thousands of years, except perhaps the SAMI, so all Europeans except them have been descended only from farmers for thousands of years.

There used to be some people on here who were romantically in love with the idea of being the descendants of hunter-gatherers. I have nothing against them; they were my ancestors too after all. However, I'm immeasurably glad that some people in the Near East invented farming. If they hadn't, we wouldn't be sitting here communicating by computer. It's been a bumpy road, perhaps, but only through agriculture could modern city states exist which produced enough surplus so that some people could be paid to become scribes, and write, and do math. When you're a hunter-gatherer extinction is always on the horizon, so everybody is engaged in hunting or foraging or making tools to hunt and forage.

Stonehenge is indeed interesting, and finding out that it was EEF like people who made it did come as a bit of a shock to a lot of people.

That's what's so interesting about population genetics; there are constant surprises.
 
Italians are heterogeneous; this we knew. I think the biggest takeaway for me is that Southern Italians are also heterogeneous within and of themselves; made up of the same stuff at different percentages. Furthermore, the usual genetic-cline by geography is less reliable, and one must look to history of the town or their own individual history.

My two cents: I suspect the sampling has messed up somewhere and we're getting a really distorted picture of the genetic landscape in south Italy, the papers that took new samples in situ didn't show so much heterogeneity in south Italy but rather homogeneity (in the south). Judging from your results, PalermoTrapani's and Salento's I do think that true south Italians are modelled with Minoan or at the very most 10% Anatolia_BA. Furthermore I see no way in which geographical features and historical circumstances could have lead to such a "frozen" highly structured genetic landscape, to the point where differences between towns get significant.
 
My two cents: I suspect the sampling has messed up somewhere and we're getting a really distorted picture of the genetic landscape in south Italy, the papers that took new samples in situ didn't show so much heterogeneity in south Italy but rather homogeneity (in the south). Judging from your results, PalermoTrapani's and Salento's I do think that true south Italians are modelled with Minoan or at the very most 10% Anatolia_BA. Furthermore I see no way in which geographical features and historical circumstances could have lead to such a "frozen" highly structured genetic landscape, to the point where differences between towns get significant.


Maybe the Griko's communitkes are more sampled, and that gives the impression of a more structured genetic landscape (assuming a larger Anatolian_BA in Griko's, wich is just an hypothesis)
 
My two cents: I suspect the sampling has messed up somewhere and we're getting a really distorted picture of the genetic landscape in south Italy, the papers that took new samples in situ didn't show so much heterogeneity in south Italy but rather homogeneity (in the south). Judging from your results, PalermoTrapani's and Salento's I do think that true south Italians are modelled with Minoan or at the very most 10% Anatolia_BA. Furthermore I see no way in which geographical features and historical circumstances could have lead to such a "frozen" highly structured genetic landscape, to the point where differences between towns get significant.

What I mean in more details is that 1) the papers from Italy always showed the clinal, geographic nature of the Italian genetic landscape, not much a random patch of genetic islands; 2) from macro regions (south, central and north) there's actually a consistent homogeneity that is an individual from let's say Sicily can end up being genetically similar to one in Abruzzo and viceversa.
Though the second point, strictly speaking, can either mean that Italian macroregions cluster rather tightly or that they have within similar levels of heterogeneity, with point 1) I think it is likelier that it is because the nature of the Italian is geographic and rather smooth, though it's considerable because Italy is rather elongated, and I can't imagine what would cause the second scenario.

I take this,https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32513, this, https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015233, and this, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0043759, as a reference.
 
What I mean in more details is that 1) the papers from Italy always showed the clinal, geographic nature of the Italian genetic landscape, not much a random patch of genetic islands; 2) from macro regions (south, central and north) there's actually a consistent homogeneity that is an individual from let's say Sicily can end up being genetically similar to one in Abruzzo and viceversa.
Though the second point, strictly speaking, can either mean that Italian macroregions cluster rather tightly or that they have within similar levels of heterogeneity, with point 1) I think it is likelier that it is because the nature of the Italian is geographic and rather smooth, though it's considerable because Italy is rather elongated, and I can't imagine what would cause the second scenario.

I take this,https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32513, this, https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015233, and this, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0043759, as a reference.

If you mean that random samples taken from a geographic area might be more representative than self-selected samples from interested people on the internet or commercial site, I think that's true.

At the same time, political boundaries are, well, political, and don't necessarily represent the genetic landscape precisely. The "Piedmont" samples are a good example. The villages from which the samples were taken have been part of Piemonte for a relatively short time. The names of the villages contain the word Ligure, they speak a Ligurian dialect, and all their trade etc. was mainly with Liguria.

Scientists picked those samples because they were an isolated population and thus more "pure". However, it was a mistake to label them Piemontese.

Or take the example of Lazio. Mussolini changed the borders, so are the people in Southern Lazio "central", or "Southern"?
 
Here are the individual samples produced by Salento and Pax from academic sources:

CmyH381.png


Here are the original Dodecad Italian samples.

TBH, I am not sure which would be more representative, however, from what I have seen the south Italians that shared their samples resemble the Dodecad samples.

I come out the same in both charts, but that is expected since it is using the same components in the model.

yQMXfCW.png
 
^^However, these dodecad samples are averages. So maybe these high Anatolia_BA individual academic samples are a minority in the south?

Do these high Anatolia_BA samples come from the paper by Sarno on Grikos from Southern Italy?
 
Here are the individual samples produced by Salento and Pax from academic sources:

CmyH381.png


Here are the original Dodecad Italian samples.

TBH, I am not sure which would be more representative, however, from what I have seen the south Italians that shared their samples resemble the Dodecad samples.

I come out the same in both charts, but that is expected since it is using the same components in the model.

yQMXfCW.png

I looked at the info for each column, and while some are clearly labeled as to which paper is the source, for some I have no idea. Perhaps it would be helpful if the samples from each region were grouped together to see the variation or lack of it more easily and also if there was a key or some other way to access the source of the samples which don't clearly have an academic source listed? Then we could see if one sample, for example, is clearly an outlier, and if we could trace the source we could read the paper(s) to see what standards were used for sample collection.

Also, why wouldn't TSI30 be included, when it's a readily available academic source? All I see is the Tuscan HGDP source which is from somewhere around Siena.
 
I looked at the info for each column, and while some are clearly labeled as to which paper is the source, for some I have no idea. Perhaps it would be helpful if the samples from each region were grouped together to see the variation or lack of it more easily and also if there was a key or some other way to access the source of the samples which don't clearly have an academic source listed? Then we could see if one sample, for example, is clearly an outlier, and if we could trace the source we could read the paper(s) to see what standards were used for sample collection.

Also, why wouldn't TSI30 be included, when it's a readily available academic source? All I see is the Tuscan HGDP source which is from somewhere around Siena.

I posted this graphic previously that shows the full set of samples produced by Salento and Pax from the academic samples. They're the ones who labeled it. The graphic below is organized by region, the other graphic in the OP shows all the samples that have at least some Anatolia_BA on a cline to the most. As for TSI, I'm not sure if they had produced the individual samples.

a6Fvhei.png
 
Also, why wouldn't TSI30 be included, when it's a readily available academic source? All I see is the Tuscan HGDP source which is from somewhere around Siena.

As I've already said, according to CEPH coordinates Tuscans HGDP is from the province of Grosseto.

TSI30 is subset from Andres Metspalu of TSI/1000genomes/HapMap and on Dodecad it's an average made by Diekenes.
 
Do these high Anatolia_BA samples come from the paper by Sarno on Grikos from Southern Italy?

No, I don't think so. It comes from some foreign international study and then later also used in studies by Italian geneticists. As soon as I have time, I'll check.
 
Are these the samples used?

Code:
Iberomaurusian,0,1.2814286,62.802857,2.3014286,0.062857143,0.16571429,1.6928571,17.79,6.4728571,0.60285714,0,6.8257143
Anatolian_BA,7.56,0.28666667,1.6333333,0.57333333,26.183333,3.1666667,0,0.57333333,14.066667,0.01,44.24,1.7066667
Minoan_Lasithi,0.652,0.01,3.302,0.19,37.716,0.046,0,0,14.12,0,43.886,0.078
C_Italian_ChL,0,0,2.7333333,0.04,62.923333,2.6,0,0,6.8966667,0.0066666667,24.643333,0.16333333
C_Italian_N,0,0,3.693,0,54.714,1.633,0,0.058,11.516,0.105,28.164,0.121
Remedello,0,0,0.77666667,0.70666667,69.036667,11.776667,0,0,5.1833333,0,11.8,0.71666667
Yamnaya,26.900556,1.875,0.051666667,0.051666667,4.6583333,59.562222,1.0905556,0.0066666667,0.021111111,0,5.045,0.73777778

My results (Campanian/Lucanian)

Code:
Ajeje_Brazorf,7.84,0,5.99,0,28.45,11.1,0,0.48,13.66,0.12,32.36,0
Ajeje_Brazorf_imputed,7.95,0,4.96,0.11,29.2,11.71,0,0.35,11.94,1.22,32.49,0.08

SampleMinoan_LasithiYamnayaAnatolian_BAC_Italian_NIberomaurusian
Ajeje_Brazorf21,715,740,416,45,8
Ajeje_Brazorf_imputed23,917,236,917,84,2
Italian_Calabria48,917,230,603,3
Italian_Sicily51,221,120,63,14
Italian_Campania62,92212,220,9
Italian_Basilicata37,822,330,272,7
Italian_Molise74,925,1000
Italian_Abruzzo69,326,603,11
Italian_Apulia58,226,913,901
 
Your personal results seem to inflate C_Italian_N, compared to the other regional averages. That probably also explains why your Anatolia_BA is so high, and your Minoan is so low. Minoan is pretty intermediate between C_Italian_N and Anatolia_BA. For some reason the algorithm did it that way.
 
Your personal results seem to inflate C_Italian_N, compared to the other regional averages. That probably also explains why your Anatolia_BA is so high, and your Minoan is so low. Minoan is pretty intermediate between C_Italian_N and Anatolia_BA. For some reason the algorithm did it that way.

Results look different because I used averages instead of aggregated individual samples. Now mine should be more in line with the other regions.

SampleMinoanYamnayaRemedelloAnatolian_BAC_Italian_NIberomaurusianC_Italian_ChLBolshoy_Ostrov
Italian_Friuli_VG33,934,431,100000,6
Italian_Trentino28,733,737,500000,1
Italian_Aosta_Valley20,933,744,6000,600,2
Italian_Veneto36,331,931,700000,1
Swiss_Italian28,731,439,900000
Italian_Piedmont33,130,135,7000,900,2
Italian_Lombardy35,428,236,300000,1
Italian_Lazio4628,12,7022,40,800
Italian_Emilia37,627,726,606,70,210,2
Italian_Tuscany40,327,422,408,80,110
Italian_Romagna42,927,214,5013,30,31,80
Italian_Umbria47,426,812,3011,10,81,40,2
Italian_Liguria39,126,732,5001,600,1
Italian_Marche50,526,35,6016,10,80,70
Italian_Apulia64,124,60901,600,7
Italian_Abruzzo68,623,9051,90,500,1
Italian_Molise72,622,104,90,30,100
Italian_Basilicata57,522,1018,601,800
French_Corsica41,421,122,6013,9100
Italian_Sicily64,620011,20,33,900
Italian_Campania6919,809,80,31,100
Ajeje_Brazorf_imputed62,218,7012,92,33,10,60,2
Ajeje_Brazorf65,916,7013,104,300
Italian_Calabria51,114,4031,702,800
Italian_Jew47,79,403507,900
Sardinian331,153,508,83,600
 
Salento and Pax Augusta should be able to provide some insight on the academic samples.
I’m in Italy :) … I don’t have full access to my files, … I’ll take a look when I get back.
 

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