Genetic study A Genetic History of Continuity and Mobility in the Iron Age Central Mediterranean

Lukas

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https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483276v2.full

The Iron Age saw the expansion of Phoenician and Greek colonies across the Mediterranean and the rise of Carthage as the major maritime power of the region. These events were facilitated by the ease of long-distance travel following major advances in seafaring. We know from the archaeological record that trade goods and materials were moving across great distances in unprecedented quantities, but it is unclear how these patterns correlate with human mobility. To investigate population mobility and interactions directly, we sequenced the genomes of 30 ancient individuals from Carthaginian and Etruscan port cities around the central Mediterranean, in Tunisia, Sardinia, and central Italy. At all three locations, there is a meaningful contribution of autochthonous populations (from Bronze Age North Africa, Sardinia, and Italy, respectively), as well as highly heterogeneous ancestry including many individuals with ancestry from other parts of the Mediterranean region. These results highlight both the role of autochthonous populations and the extreme interconnectedness of populations in the Iron Age Mediterranean. By studying these trans-Mediterranean neighbors together, we explore the complex interplay between local continuity and mobility that shaped the Iron Age societies of the central Mediterranean.



R11107.SG Pian Sultano 1923 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCE Central Italy Bronze Age
KLUAvA1.png


Distance to: 11107
1.49626209 Swiss_Italian
1.55836320 IT_Lombardia
1.59993562 FR_Corsica
1.72515561 Portugal_Norte
1.78386603 Portugal_Lisboa
1.78484718 IT_Liguria
1.83036570 IT_Trentino
1.85371169 IT_Piedmont
1.85734957 IT_Emilia-Romagna
1.88195718 ES_Cataluna


Target: 11107
54.7 Swiss_Italian
26.0 IT_central_Sardinian
12.0 ES_Burgos
7.3 IT_Lombardia

=====================
K36 values
Code:
11791,0,5.83,3.27,6.29,0,0,0,0,1.57,0,0,6.18,0,0,2.75,26.05,0,21.95,0,1.83,8.59,2.93,0,2.74,0,0.05,0,0.1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,9.87


R11791.SG Kerkouane 742 calBCE - 411 calBCE Tunisia Iron Age



Distance to: 11791
1.26898435 ES_Canarias
1.32047544 Portugal_Norte
1.32154342 Portugal_Lisboa
1.36955367 Portugal_Centro
1.41785213 Portugal_South
1.44535342 ES_Galicia
1.44882972 FR_Corsica
1.45758698 ES_Islas_Baleares
1.47338178 IT_Liguria



Target: 11791
24.4 ES_Cantabria
21.7 IT_southern_Sardinian
15.6 TUN_Sfax
14.1 Portugal_Lisboa
13.2 IT_Toscania
6.7 ES_Navarra_central-south
2.5 ES_Burgos
1.8 Yemen_Jew
 
G25_sim
Code:
11791,0.101928738395,0.15266354655,0.017900420350999993,-0.03680105874300019,0.03667308190300002,-0.01626295864662001,-0.004650423837999976,-0.0003016066150000607,0.030516117454999936,0.04097748509899991,0.0023289433898999994,0.004684872194000062,-0.007614526510999992,-0.012282038454999783,0.0011832105080000904,-0.0006853968739998426,-0.0006784080450000646,-0.0014304788500000554,-0.004536538989999991,-0.002333921856900006,-0.001348313166999765,-0.0017132539210000797,0.00010724430100000557,-0.004966237058000027,-0.0005744211399999477

While many papers have suggested the Near Eastern and European components resulted from recent historical movements, such as Arab rule in Medieval North Africa and trans-Mediterranean trade in the last 500 years, we see evidence for these components being present in North Africa in the Iron Age, around 2,500 years ago."

The high number of individuals with North African ancestry from central Italy may reflect the close connections between Carthage and the Etruscans, both through trade and also as allies facing common adversaries, especially Greek and Roman Imperial expansion.

This is consistent with archaeological evidence of Punic expansion and connections between the Etruscans with Punic territories. Interestingly, while southern Italy is geographically closer to North Africa, it may not have been as integrated into the network of Carthaginian allies and key trading partners. In particular, our findings support and add temporal resolution to previous suggestions based on modern data (27, 30) that the Iron Age was a key time for trans-Mediterranean mobility and connectivity between the regions we today call northern Africa and southern Europe. Supporting this, the presence of a number of individuals similar to contemporaneous Italian and Greek populations at Kerkouane suggests a bidirectional movement of people, especially within the central Mediterranean.
 
checking next one

R11790.SG Kerkouane 761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCE Tunisia Iron Age

Distance to: 11790
1.87469570 FR_Corsica
2.05879761 IT_southern_Sardinian
2.09279612 ES_Canarias
2.11039436 Portugal_Norte
2.11402634 IT_Lazio
2.11537580 IT_Liguria
2.11817775 Portugal_South
2.17654745 IT_Emilia-Romagna
2.17747900 IT_Toscania
2.18985038 IT_Marche

Target: 11790
41.7 IT_central_Sardinian
26.0 ALG_Kabylie
14.4 Italian_Jew
10.8 Portugal_Lisboa
4.4 IT_Lombardia
2.7 ALG_North-West

k36
Code:
11790,0,3.3,0,2.1,0,0,0.52,0,0,0,0,4.13,0,0,8.8,16.46,0,21.24,0,10.98,11.4,0,0,0,3.11,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,17.97

g25_sim
Code:
11790,0.07867074026400006,0.15266650400800003,0.012196263058000006,-0.0501288414779999,0.035999285182999996,-0.022052480567000002,-0.007208456851999959,0.002346270681999968,0.03850546741600008,0.043450926005999785,0.0030204490470200004,0.005409697350000027,-0.006388826687000013,-0.012289259403999997,-0.0029752245939999034,-0.0035172253219998145,0.0036468464980001225,-0.003838175566000024,-0.005537020956000019,-0.004739843417000003,-0.004191222063999633,-0.005917710707999957,0.0008941958620000204,-0.007026609960000041,0.0004007529239996588
 
Spend some time playing. I'm interested in finding out more because I have strong views about it. Would you please provide more details to your blog post? We will all actually gain from it.
 
Here is the list of samples tested with their haplogroups.

Sample IDCultureLocationAgemtDNAY-DNA
R11102.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1770 calBCEU5b2b--
R11104.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEH1cI2a1a-M26
R11107.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEX2b+226--
R11105.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1734.5 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEH1c--
R10344.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 538 calBCEJ1c3R1b-P312
R10338.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEJ1c3R1b-U152
R10340.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEX2d1R1b-M269
R10343.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEH4a1--
R10361.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEHV0+195R1b-P312
R10363.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi389 calBCE - 207 calBCET2b+150G2a2b-CTS2100
R10359.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi366.5 calBCE - 200.5 calBCEJ1c3--
R10339.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi160 calBCE - 49 calBCEH1eR1b-P311
R10341.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi160 calBCE - 49 calBCEH2a2a1J1a-CTS5368
R10342.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi157.5 calBCE - 44.5 calBCEK1a4gR1b-M269
R10337.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi150.5 calBCE - 3 calCER0aR2a-L266
R11828.SGSardinia Bronze AgeSant'Imbenia1115 calBCE - 984.5 calBCEU5b3a2I2a1a-L160
R11829.SGSardinia Bronze/Iron AgeSant'Imbenia1004.5 calBCE - 909.5 calBCEHV0a--
R11835.SGSardinia Iron AgeSant'Imbenia800.5 calBCE - 774.5 calBCEK1a2H3-Z5857
R11759.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 540.5 calBCEU6a6b--
R11749.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH2a--
R11755.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEM1a1b1--
R11776.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEHV0+195--
R11778.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEL3e2b--
R11790.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEHV13a--
R11793.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH74J2a1-L26
R11780.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane748 calBCE - 414.5 calBCEH1--
R11791.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane742 calBCE - 411 calBCEI5--
R11746.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane733 calBCE - 411.5 calBCET2bR1b-M343
R11751.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane728.5 calBCE - 409.5 calBCEH7a1J2b2-M241
R11753.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane656 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH1agJ2b-M12


The samples from Tarquinia dating from the Roman Republic are overwhelmingly R1b. Two individuals, R10337 and R10341, are recent immigrants from the Near East. They described as autosomally Levantine and so is there Y-DNA (J1a and R2a).
 
Here is the list of samples tested with their haplogroups.

Sample IDCultureLocationAgemtDNAY-DNA
R11102.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1770 calBCEU5b2b--
R11104.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEH1cI2a1a-M26
R11107.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1923 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEX2b+226--
R11105.SGCentral Italy Bronze AgePian Sultano1734.5 calBCE - 1614.5 calBCEH1c--
R10344.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 538 calBCEJ1c3R1b-P312
R10338.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEJ1c3R1b-U152
R10340.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEX2d1R1b-M269
R10343.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEH4a1--
R10361.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi759 calBCE - 3 calCEHV0+195R1b-P312
R10363.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi389 calBCE - 207 calBCET2b+150G2a2b-CTS2100
R10359.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi366.5 calBCE - 200.5 calBCEJ1c3--
R10339.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi160 calBCE - 49 calBCEH1eR1b-P311
R10341.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi160 calBCE - 49 calBCEH2a2a1J1a-CTS5368
R10342.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi157.5 calBCE - 44.5 calBCEK1a4gR1b-M269
R10337.SGCentral Italy Iron AgeTarquinia Monterozzi150.5 calBCE - 3 calCER0aR2a-L266
R11828.SGSardinia Bronze AgeSant'Imbenia1115 calBCE - 984.5 calBCEU5b3a2I2a1a-L160
R11829.SGSardinia Bronze/Iron AgeSant'Imbenia1004.5 calBCE - 909.5 calBCEHV0a--
R11835.SGSardinia Iron AgeSant'Imbenia800.5 calBCE - 774.5 calBCEK1a2H3-Z5857
R11759.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 540.5 calBCEU6a6b--
R11749.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH2a--
R11755.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEM1a1b1--
R11776.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEHV0+195--
R11778.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEL3e2b--
R11790.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEHV13a--
R11793.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane761 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH74J2a1-L26
R11780.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane748 calBCE - 414.5 calBCEH1--
R11791.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane742 calBCE - 411 calBCEI5--
R11746.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane733 calBCE - 411.5 calBCET2bR1b-M343
R11751.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane728.5 calBCE - 409.5 calBCEH7a1J2b2-M241
R11753.SGTunisia Iron AgeKerkouane656 calBCE - 405.5 calBCEH1agJ2b-M12


The samples from Tarquinia dating from the Roman Republic are overwhelmingly R1b. Two individuals, R10337 and R10341, are recent immigrants from the Near East. They described as autosomally Levantine and so is there Y-DNA (J1a and R2a).

Tarquinia was a major Etruscan city , about 160 BC it became a Roman colonia, those two samples are from this period.
 
Francesco correctly noted we have a thread on this paper already. In addition, I have been following this paper over at bioRxiv and on 28 January 2023, I received a notification that an updated version of the paper was available.
 
here is the paper

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483276v3.full


interesting is

Genetic Evidence for connection across the Central Mediterranean

In Iron Age Italy, consistent with the findings of Posth et al. 2021, we observe a combination of genetic continuity from the Bronze Age population, along with a drastic increase in genetic heterogeneity compared to the Bronze Age. Of the 22 Iron Age central Italian genomes, 12 individuals form a clade in the qpWave and qpAdm analyses (Figs. 4, 5) with Bronze Age central Italian individuals, and thus can be modeled as deriving 100% of their ancestry from Bronze Age central Italians.
 
here is the paper
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.13.483276v3.full
interesting is
Genetic Evidence for connection across the Central Mediterranean
In Iron Age Italy, consistent with the findings of Posth et al. 2021, we observe a combination of genetic continuity from the Bronze Age population, along with a drastic increase in genetic heterogeneity compared to the Bronze Age. Of the 22 Iron Age central Italian genomes, 12 individuals form a clade in the qpWave and qpAdm analyses (Figs. 4, 5) with Bronze Age central Italian individuals, and thus can be modeled as deriving 100% of their ancestry from Bronze Age central Italians.


It is always the same paper that has been published at least 10 times.


Tarquinia was a major Etruscan city , about 160 BC it became a Roman colonia, those two samples are from this period.


I don't remember the exact dating of all the stages of the Romanisation of Tarquinia, but yes, the two individuals, R10337 and R10341, who are recent immigrants from the Near East, chronologically belong to the Romanisation phase of the area.
 
not sure if to place here

but

BRC003 - Grottina dei Covoloni del Broion, Italy🧬Y-DNA: R-S8183
R-S8183 distribution in different countries🧬mtDNA: U4a2f


This marker is the exact same as the man my father sister married............I speak to one of their sons, Lucio about 6 times a year ...................he tested on 23andme


just proves , some markers have never moved since the bronze and iron ages
 

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