Angela
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This is a mix of old and new results.
See:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/05/30/333609
King Jordan, Lavanya Rishishwar, Andrew B Conley
"Cryptic Native American ancestry recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States"
"European and African descendants settled the continental US during the 17th-19th centuries, coming into contact with established Native American populations. The resulting admixture among these groups yielded a significant reservoir of cryptic Native American ancestry in the modern US population. We analyzed the patterns of Native American admixture seen for the three largest genetic ancestry groups in the US population: African American, European American, and Hispanic/Latino. The three groups show distinct Native American ancestry profiles, which are indicative of their historical patterns of migration and settlement across the country. Native American ancestry in the modern African American population does not coincide with local geography, instead forming a monophyletic group with origins in the southeastern US, consistent with the Great Migration of the early 20th century. European Americans show Native American ancestry that tracks their geographic origins across the US, indicative of ongoing contact during westward expansion, and Native American ancestry can resolve Hispanic/Latino individuals into distinct local groups formed by more recent migration from Mexico and Puerto Rico. We found an anomalous pattern of Native American ancestry from the US southwest, which most likely corresponds to the Nuevomexicano descendants of early Spanish settlers to the region. We addressed a number of controversies surrounding this population, including the extent of Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Nuevomexicanos are less admixed than nearby Mexican-American individuals, with more European and less Native American and African ancestry, and while they do show demonstrable Sephardic Jewish ancestry, the fraction is no greater than seen for other Hispanic/Latino populations."
This is another area where modern genetics has rectified a lot of popular and widespread, but mistaken, perceptions about population "history". Sometimes it seemed like every other "colonial" American had an "Indian princess" or Pocahontas story.
"The distribution of HRS individuals among the three major US genetic ancestry groups is shown in Figure 1. Visual 169 inspection of the continental ancestry fractions seen for members of the three groups supports our objective 170 approach to genetic ancestry‐based classification (Figure 1A). For example, the majority of Hispanic/Latino 171 individuals show substantial levels of Native American ancestry compared to individuals from the European 172 American ancestry group (Figure 1A); the median Native American ancestry for the Hispanic/Latino group is 38% 173 compared to 0.1% for the European American group (Figure 1B)."
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"Individuals from the African American ancestry group show medians of 85% African ancestry, 14% European 192 ancestry, and 1% Native American ancestry (Figure 1B). Most of these individuals group along the first PCA axis 193 separating the African and European reference populations. In contrast to the admixed Hispanic/Latino and 194 African American ancestry groups, individuals from the European American ancestry group show extremely low 195 levels of admixture with non‐European populations, with a median value of 99.8% European ancestry. Given their 196 relatively low numbers (see Supplementary Figure S2), as well as their relatively late historical arrival in the 197 continental US, we did not consider Asian Americans further in this study. "
"Members of the Nuevomexicano population have maintained a distinct cultural identity for centuries, and the 313 ability to isolate individuals from this group based on analysis of their genotypes allowed us to address open 314 questions related to their ancestry. In addition to characterizing their distinct pattern of Native American 315 ancestry, we also compared the levels of Native American admixture between Nuevomexicanos and the other 316 nearby Hispanic/Latino groups, which show a more Mexican pattern of Native American ancestry. Consistent with previous results28 317 , we show that Nuevomexicanos have significantly more European ancestry and less Native 318 American ancestry than other Hispanic/Latino groups from the Western Census regions (Figure 6C). 319 Nuevomexicanos also show significantly lower levels of African ancestry compared to the other Hispanic/Latino 320 groups. 321 Nuevomexicano cultural and historical traditions suggest that many of the early Spanish settlers in the region were 322 Conversos, or crypto‐Jewish individuals, who ostensibly converted to Catholicism in an effort to avoid religious persecution and pogroms, while secretly maintaining Jewish identity and traditions29 323 . We interrogated this idea 324 by comparing the extent of Sephardic Jewish admixture found among individuals with the Nuevomexicano325 ancestry pattern compared to other Hispanic/Latino populations. Sephardic Jewish admixture was measured by 326 comparing European haplotypes from Hispanic/Latino individuals to a reference panel including both European 327 and Sephardic Jewish populations. Nuevomexicanos show elevated levels of matching to Jewish haplotypes 328 compared to Spanish and other European populations, consistent with substantial Converso ancestry among New World Hispanic/Latino populations30 329 (Figure 6d). However, Nuevomexicanos do not show a higher level of 330 Converso ancestry compared to the other New World Hispanic/Latino populations. "
I'm not even sure Sephardic ancestry can be quantified in anyone.
See:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/05/30/333609
King Jordan, Lavanya Rishishwar, Andrew B Conley
"Cryptic Native American ancestry recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States"
"European and African descendants settled the continental US during the 17th-19th centuries, coming into contact with established Native American populations. The resulting admixture among these groups yielded a significant reservoir of cryptic Native American ancestry in the modern US population. We analyzed the patterns of Native American admixture seen for the three largest genetic ancestry groups in the US population: African American, European American, and Hispanic/Latino. The three groups show distinct Native American ancestry profiles, which are indicative of their historical patterns of migration and settlement across the country. Native American ancestry in the modern African American population does not coincide with local geography, instead forming a monophyletic group with origins in the southeastern US, consistent with the Great Migration of the early 20th century. European Americans show Native American ancestry that tracks their geographic origins across the US, indicative of ongoing contact during westward expansion, and Native American ancestry can resolve Hispanic/Latino individuals into distinct local groups formed by more recent migration from Mexico and Puerto Rico. We found an anomalous pattern of Native American ancestry from the US southwest, which most likely corresponds to the Nuevomexicano descendants of early Spanish settlers to the region. We addressed a number of controversies surrounding this population, including the extent of Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Nuevomexicanos are less admixed than nearby Mexican-American individuals, with more European and less Native American and African ancestry, and while they do show demonstrable Sephardic Jewish ancestry, the fraction is no greater than seen for other Hispanic/Latino populations."
This is another area where modern genetics has rectified a lot of popular and widespread, but mistaken, perceptions about population "history". Sometimes it seemed like every other "colonial" American had an "Indian princess" or Pocahontas story.
"The distribution of HRS individuals among the three major US genetic ancestry groups is shown in Figure 1. Visual 169 inspection of the continental ancestry fractions seen for members of the three groups supports our objective 170 approach to genetic ancestry‐based classification (Figure 1A). For example, the majority of Hispanic/Latino 171 individuals show substantial levels of Native American ancestry compared to individuals from the European 172 American ancestry group (Figure 1A); the median Native American ancestry for the Hispanic/Latino group is 38% 173 compared to 0.1% for the European American group (Figure 1B)."
"Individuals from the African American ancestry group show medians of 85% African ancestry, 14% European 192 ancestry, and 1% Native American ancestry (Figure 1B). Most of these individuals group along the first PCA axis 193 separating the African and European reference populations. In contrast to the admixed Hispanic/Latino and 194 African American ancestry groups, individuals from the European American ancestry group show extremely low 195 levels of admixture with non‐European populations, with a median value of 99.8% European ancestry. Given their 196 relatively low numbers (see Supplementary Figure S2), as well as their relatively late historical arrival in the 197 continental US, we did not consider Asian Americans further in this study. "
"Members of the Nuevomexicano population have maintained a distinct cultural identity for centuries, and the 313 ability to isolate individuals from this group based on analysis of their genotypes allowed us to address open 314 questions related to their ancestry. In addition to characterizing their distinct pattern of Native American 315 ancestry, we also compared the levels of Native American admixture between Nuevomexicanos and the other 316 nearby Hispanic/Latino groups, which show a more Mexican pattern of Native American ancestry. Consistent with previous results28 317 , we show that Nuevomexicanos have significantly more European ancestry and less Native 318 American ancestry than other Hispanic/Latino groups from the Western Census regions (Figure 6C). 319 Nuevomexicanos also show significantly lower levels of African ancestry compared to the other Hispanic/Latino 320 groups. 321 Nuevomexicano cultural and historical traditions suggest that many of the early Spanish settlers in the region were 322 Conversos, or crypto‐Jewish individuals, who ostensibly converted to Catholicism in an effort to avoid religious persecution and pogroms, while secretly maintaining Jewish identity and traditions29 323 . We interrogated this idea 324 by comparing the extent of Sephardic Jewish admixture found among individuals with the Nuevomexicano325 ancestry pattern compared to other Hispanic/Latino populations. Sephardic Jewish admixture was measured by 326 comparing European haplotypes from Hispanic/Latino individuals to a reference panel including both European 327 and Sephardic Jewish populations. Nuevomexicanos show elevated levels of matching to Jewish haplotypes 328 compared to Spanish and other European populations, consistent with substantial Converso ancestry among New World Hispanic/Latino populations30 329 (Figure 6d). However, Nuevomexicanos do not show a higher level of 330 Converso ancestry compared to the other New World Hispanic/Latino populations. "
I'm not even sure Sephardic ancestry can be quantified in anyone.