After the map of Haplogroup I, here is the map of Haplogroup R1.
Since both R1a and R1b are associated with the spread of Indo-European languages, it is easy to visualise why almost all Europeans speak IE languages, but North Africans and Middle Easterners don't (apart from the Armenians, who have 35% of R1).
The Finns and the Sami are also clear outliers on the map. The Estonians, who speak an Uralic language like the Finns and Sami, have 40% of R1, but that is because ethnic Estonians make up less than 60% of the population. The remainder are mostly Russians (33%), with various Slavic and Germanic minorities. Ethnic Estonians are otherwise similar to the Finns in their low percentage of hg R1.
Other outliers are the Sardinians, who were the last southern Europeans to adopt an Indo-European language, as late as 2000 years ago (that is approximately 2000 to 3000 years after other Europeans).
I wouldn't be surprised if the Illyrians, the earliest recorded IE speakers in formers Yugoslavia, only reached Bosnia and southern Croatia during the Iron Age. That would explain why the region retained so many pre-IE lineages (unless of course I2a1 came with the IE invaders).
Anatolia used to be partially Indo-European-speaking during the Bronze and Iron Ages, and essentially Greek-speaking during most of the Middle Ages. In those ages, the proportion of haplogroup R1 would have been higher. Turkish and Arabic invaders have lowered its frequency to around 23% today. I expect that the total of R1a and R1b would have exceeded 35% of lineages in ancient times. Central and East Asian haplogroups (C, N, O, Q) alone represent some 10% of Anatolian lineages nowadays.
The Basques and the Hungarians are the only non-IE-speakers with a high percentage of R1. I have explained how this came to be for the Basques here. The Hungarians have a lot of R1a of Central Asian origin, which probably underwent the same language shift as Turkic languages.
Since both R1a and R1b are associated with the spread of Indo-European languages, it is easy to visualise why almost all Europeans speak IE languages, but North Africans and Middle Easterners don't (apart from the Armenians, who have 35% of R1).
The Finns and the Sami are also clear outliers on the map. The Estonians, who speak an Uralic language like the Finns and Sami, have 40% of R1, but that is because ethnic Estonians make up less than 60% of the population. The remainder are mostly Russians (33%), with various Slavic and Germanic minorities. Ethnic Estonians are otherwise similar to the Finns in their low percentage of hg R1.
Other outliers are the Sardinians, who were the last southern Europeans to adopt an Indo-European language, as late as 2000 years ago (that is approximately 2000 to 3000 years after other Europeans).
I wouldn't be surprised if the Illyrians, the earliest recorded IE speakers in formers Yugoslavia, only reached Bosnia and southern Croatia during the Iron Age. That would explain why the region retained so many pre-IE lineages (unless of course I2a1 came with the IE invaders).
Anatolia used to be partially Indo-European-speaking during the Bronze and Iron Ages, and essentially Greek-speaking during most of the Middle Ages. In those ages, the proportion of haplogroup R1 would have been higher. Turkish and Arabic invaders have lowered its frequency to around 23% today. I expect that the total of R1a and R1b would have exceeded 35% of lineages in ancient times. Central and East Asian haplogroups (C, N, O, Q) alone represent some 10% of Anatolian lineages nowadays.
The Basques and the Hungarians are the only non-IE-speakers with a high percentage of R1. I have explained how this came to be for the Basques here. The Hungarians have a lot of R1a of Central Asian origin, which probably underwent the same language shift as Turkic languages.
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