Genetic study Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers

Tautalus

Regular member
Messages
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Points
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Ethnic group
Portuguese
Y-DNA haplogroup
I2-M223 / I-FTB15368
mtDNA haplogroup
H6a1b2
Abstract

In the period between 5,300 and 4,900 calibrated years before present (cal. bp), populations across large parts of Europe underwent a period of demographic decline. However, the cause of this so-called Neolithic decline is still debated. Some argue for an agricultural crisis resulting in the decline, others for the spread of an early form of plague. Here we use population-scale ancient genomics to infer ancestry, social structure and pathogen infection in 108 Scandinavian Neolithic individuals from eight megalithic graves and a stone cist. We find that the Neolithic plague was widespread, detected in at least 17% of the sampled population and across large geographical distances. We demonstrate that the disease spread within the Neolithic community in three distinct infection events within a period of around 120 years. Variant graph-based pan-genomics shows that the Neolithic plague genomes retained ancestral genomic variation present in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including virulence factors associated with disease outcomes. In addition, we reconstruct four multigeneration pedigrees, the largest of which consists of 38 individuals spanning six generations, showing a patrilineal social organization. Lastly, we document direct genomic evidence for Neolithic female exogamy in a woman buried in a different megalithic tomb than her brothers. Taken together, our findings provide a detailed reconstruction of plague spread within a large patrilineal kinship group and identify multiple plague infections in a population dated to the beginning of the Neolithic decline.
 
From the study :

“We found that the vast majority of individuals analysed (n = 96) fell within the broad cluster of European Neolithic populations and Anatolian Farmers. This finding is in agreement with our radiocarbon dating results, which date this group to 5200–4900 cal. bp, associating these individuals with the TRB (Funnelbeaker culture) culture of Southern Scandinavia and Scandinavian MN A.”
“Furthermore, we also found evidence of two distinct and slightly younger groups of individuals with Steppe-related ancestry….”
“The early group (chrY haplogroup: R1a1a, age approximately 4400 cal. bp) clusters with a large group of individuals from across Europe of Corded Ware ancestry, including individuals from Battle Axe Culture contexts in Sweden. The later group (chrY haplogroup:I1, age approximately 4100–3000 cal. bp), on the other hand, clusters exclusively with contemporaneous individuals from Eastern Denmark, Sweden and Norway..”


Haplogroups from the individuals in the study
[TABLE=collapse]
[TR]
[TD]IndivId[/TD]
[TD]country[/TD]
[TD]site[/TD]
[TD]datingBP[/TD]
[TD]sex[/TD]
[TD]mitoHg[/TD]
[TD]chrYHgMajor[/TD]
[TD]ancestryGroup[/TD]
[TD]plagueDetected[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA108[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4270[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1a1a2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Admixed_neolithic_hg[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS027[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4153[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1e1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Admixed_neolithic_hg[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4405[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c8a[/TD]
[TD]I2a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Gok4[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4341[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA106[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4445|4455[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HUN002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hunnebostrand[/TD]
[TD]4555[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN006[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4380[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN007[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE003[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD]4395[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H1bt[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE012[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD]4470[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H1bt[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA009[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4445[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H1c[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]

[TD]
TRUE
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE009[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H1c[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA037[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA040[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4415[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H5[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS032[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H5[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA039[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4385[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H5'36[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE011[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]HV[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA027[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4365[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c2[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN004[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4410[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c4[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN005[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4390[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c4[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA013[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4425|4385[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c5[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS005[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4390[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c5[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA004[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4460[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c8a[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA012[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4455[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J2b1a[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE010[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]K1a+195[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA104[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4375[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]K1a1a2[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS025[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4459[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]K1e[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA042[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4404|4365[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]K2[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA014[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4380[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]N1a1a1a3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA015[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4415[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]N1a1a1a3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS004[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4410[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]R2'JT[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA005[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4400[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA011[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4439[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA020[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4360[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA021[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4445|4420[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA032[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4385[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA033[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4340[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA034[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4390[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE013[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4455|4485[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U2e1[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA025[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4395|4430[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U2e1[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA026[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4400[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U2e1[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS026[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4205[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5a2d[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA024[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4385[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5b2b[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA030[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4390[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS024[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4426[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS039[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4541[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA022[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4425[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U8b1b1[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS029[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4537[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS038[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4468[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD]I2a1a[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA035[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4395[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD]I2a1b[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS007[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4430[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H6[/TD]
[TD]IJ[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA038[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c3g[/TD]
[TD]IJ[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD]4510[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]W5a[/TD]
[TD]IJ[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4470[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD]IJ[/TD]
[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS030[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA028[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4400[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H1bt[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Gok2[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4368[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H1c[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA010[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]

[TD]
4465
[/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H1c[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA105[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4232[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H24[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS008[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4390[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H24[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HOL001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Holma[/TD]
[TD]4206[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]H5k[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA102[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4545[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]HV0a[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE006[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]HV0a[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE004[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Not Assigned[/TD]
[TD]HV16[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE007[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1c[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4368[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1c3g[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN003[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4405[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1c3g[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN009[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1c4[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN010[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4305[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1c8[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS033[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4476[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1a+195[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]AVL001[/TD]
[TD]Denmark[/TD]
[TD]Avlebjerg, Strøby[/TD]
[TD]4510[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1b1a1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS003[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4440[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1b1a1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA007[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4440[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1e[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS016[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4341[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1e[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS023[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4451[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1e[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA041[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4400[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA043[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4315|4286[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HUN001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hunnebostrand[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]N1a1a1a2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA006[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4405[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE005[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE014[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS014[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4419[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS036[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4461[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]T2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA029[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4400[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b3+151[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA023[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]

[TD]
4480
[/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U2e1h[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]HJE008[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA103[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4420[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5a1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA107[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4420[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5a2d[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA031[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4395[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS018[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4477[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS021[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4487[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5b3[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4430[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]X2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA101[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4370[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]LAN008[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]ROS001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4430[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]X2b+226[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA003[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]4375[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]X2b4[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Neolithic[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA202[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]3905|3910[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]I2[/TD]
[TD]R1a1a[/TD]
[TD]Steppe1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA201[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]3880[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]K1a1b2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Steppe1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]NAS005[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3431[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]H+152[/TD]
[TD]I1[/TD]
[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]NAS001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3500|3476[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]U5b2c1[/TD]
[TD]I1[/TD]
[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]NAS002[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3639[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c5b[/TD]
[TD]I1a1b[/TD]
[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA301[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]3645[/TD]
[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T2b5[/TD]
[TD]I1a1b[/TD]
[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FIR001[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Firse Sten[/TD]

[TD]
2891
[/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]J1c5[/TD]
[TD]I1a2a[/TD]
[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]FRA302[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD]3625[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]J1b1a1[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]NAS003[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3683[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U4c1a[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]NAS004[/TD]
[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3403[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]U5b2a5[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Steppe2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD]H2a2[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Hjelmars rör[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Landbogården[/TD]
[TD]4375[/TD]
[TD]consistent with XY but not XX[/TD]
[TD]H2a[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD]TRUE[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Nästegården[/TD]
[TD]3466[/TD]
[TD]Not Assigned[/TD]
[TD]HV0[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XX but not XY[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]consistent with XX[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Frälsegården[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]XY[/TD]
[TD]T[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]Sweden[/TD]
[TD]Rössberga[/TD]
[TD]4190[/TD]
[TD]XX[/TD]
[TD]X2b[/TD]
[TD][/TD]

[TD]no_data[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
 
It was speculated that the plague arrived in Europe across the steppe.
However here we have proof the plague appeared in neolithic Europe at the same time it appeared on the steppe, and before individuals with steppe ancestry arrived in neolithic Europe ..
 
another similar paper


KARS537 ancient sample is T ydna in Neolithic Germany
 
Abstract

In the period between 5,300 and 4,900 calibrated years before present (cal. bp), populations across large parts of Europe underwent a period of demographic decline. However, the cause of this so-called Neolithic decline is still debated. Some argue for an agricultural crisis resulting in the decline, others for the spread of an early form of plague. Here we use population-scale ancient genomics to infer ancestry, social structure and pathogen infection in 108 Scandinavian Neolithic individuals from eight megalithic graves and a stone cist. We find that the Neolithic plague was widespread, detected in at least 17% of the sampled population and across large geographical distances. We demonstrate that the disease spread within the Neolithic community in three distinct infection events within a period of around 120 years. Variant graph-based pan-genomics shows that the Neolithic plague genomes retained ancestral genomic variation present in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, including virulence factors associated with disease outcomes. In addition, we reconstruct four multigeneration pedigrees, the largest of which consists of 38 individuals spanning six generations, showing a patrilineal social organization. Lastly, we document direct genomic evidence for Neolithic female exogamy in a woman buried in a different megalithic tomb than her brothers. Taken together, our findings provide a detailed reconstruction of plague spread within a large patrilineal kinship group and identify multiple plague infections in a population dated to the beginning of the Neolithic decline.​
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It's incredible how much we can learn from ancient DNA. The idea of the plague spreading in waves over generations is so chilling. I wonder how they managed to survive and adapt through such tough times. Also, the part about female exogamy is so interesting. It shows how complex their social structures were.
 
Last edited:
It was speculated that the plague arrived in Europe across the steppe.
However here we have proof the plague appeared in neolithic Europe at the same time it appeared on the steppe, and before individuals with steppe ancestry arrived in neolithic Europe

I don't believe this was bubonic plague, spread by rats and fleas, but pneumonic plague, spread through the air in water droplets (coughing, sneezing, spitting, etc.). Steppe herders would be less likely to catch it, due to being more dispersed and mobile, but could have carried and spread it. They might also have built up more resistance due to earlier exposures (from the east?). Farmers, living in dense settlements, would be more likely to catch and transmit it. The bacterium could have spread along trade routes and in marketplaces among previously unexposed populations lacking resistance, preceding the Yamnaya expansion.
 
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