I have thought that okunevo people lived together with afanasievo people.
http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthr...kunevo-culture-of-Altai-Mt-2-500bc-R1a-or-R1b.
Looks like R1a-z93 and chariot of sintahsta origianted in Okunevo-afanasievo culture, who migrated in India, and west asia.
The Southern Migration of the SayanArchaeological ComplexLyudmila A. SokolovaInstitute for the History of Material Culture RAS,Saint-Petersburg, Published in the Journal of Indo-European studies Volume 40
http://www.clarkriley.com/JIES4034web/07Sokolova(434-456).pdf
http://www.anthrogenica.com/showthr...kunevo-culture-of-Altai-Mt-2-500bc-R1a-or-R1b.
Looks like R1a-z93 and chariot of sintahsta origianted in Okunevo-afanasievo culture, who migrated in India, and west asia.
The Southern Migration of the SayanArchaeological ComplexLyudmila A. SokolovaInstitute for the History of Material Culture RAS,Saint-Petersburg, Published in the Journal of Indo-European studies Volume 40
http://www.clarkriley.com/JIES4034web/07Sokolova(434-456).pdf
However, during preliminary analysis, G. A. Maksimenkov made some mistakes, the consequences of which have not been corrected until now. 1. The date of the culture was established through evidence from the late period cemetery of Chernovaya VIII that comprised mostly late burials. 2. The features of the early burial traditions identified by M. N. Komarova were not taken into account while the early cemeteries simply were entered into the general register of Okunevo sites. 3. Relations with the nearest neighbors – Afanasyevo tribes – were examined only through the younger complexes which overlaid the Afanasyevo graves. Those complexes where both Okunevo and Afanasyevo burials were found with their funerary offerings together in single graves (TasKhazaa, Kamyshta BK, Afanasyeva gora: grave 6) were dismissed as the mistaken interpretations of archaeologists. 4. G. A. Maksimenkov himself wrote that the Okunevo culture originated from the Ust-Belsky Neolithic cultural complex. Nonetheless, he dated the Okunevo to the period later than that of the Afanasyevo culture which came from the Altai in the Early Bronze Age. This created a controversy that was explained by him through the so-called “reconquista” – the Afanasyevo tribes allegedly had ousted the Okunevo tribes from the Minusinsk Basin, but the latter later returned and, in turn, drove out the “invaders.” Meanwhile, G. A. Maksimenkov disregarded the real facts of the coexistence of the two complexes. 5. As a consequence, the Okunevo culture was dated to the middle and even second half of the 2nd millennium BC. Only with the emergence of radiocarbon dates has it been proved that this culture had been developing throughout the entire 3rd millennium BC and continued until the Andronovo culture as late derivatives of the once greater culture.
The present article covers the problem of the origin of
innovations in the material complex of Harappa in terms of
Northern influences. The Sayan complex of archaeological
cultures of the Early Bronze Age, composed mainly of
descendants of the Afanasyevo and Okunevo tribes, formed a
single archaeological entity which migrated southwards to
the upper reaches of the Indus River and further westwards to
eastern Anatolia. The spread of the influence of the Sayan
complex over vast regions was based not only on the
technologies new for that period but also on its powerful
ideological impact on the local population. We can select a
set of the most important evidence, which accompanied the
“Sayan Archaeological Complex”: 1-images of horned
deities; 2-ceramics with basal motifs; 3- chariots and methods
of horse harnessing; 4- Okunevo petroglyphs found along the
Karakorum high road not far from Harappa; 5- some common
features in material culture such as types of knives, pottery,
burials in stone cists. During the movement ethnic groups of
different origin flowed into the migration stream. The
Okunevo population dominated this complex of people,
providing an ideological influence on others and uniting all
into one super-ethnos, under a single ethnonym – Arya.
And the newcomer Aryans in the Indus valley (Swat) for example:
"Twelve skulls from the graves of Butkara II and four skulls from the settlement of Aligrama have been found. They belong to the Mediterranean type that is represented in Central Asia. B. A. Litvinsky (1972: 186) has underlined “a remarkable resemblance between a series of skulls from Swat and the Saka skulls from the Pamirs” which was first noted by B. Bernhard (1967: 317-385). It suggests a genetic relation between the two populations. Among the 25 skulls from Timargarha this type is represented, as well as a massive proto-Caucasoid type which was distinctive for the steppe Andronovans, a Veddoid (3 skulls) usual for the indigenous inhabitants of Hindustan, and a Mongoloid type (2 skulls) which might have appeared during Ghaligai period III from Kashmir."
source: Elena E. Kuz’mina: The Origin of the Indo-Iranians - Leiden, 2007
Original carts, the bodywork and the drawbar which is comparable to okunёvskimi, found in graves II thousand. BC. e. in the South Caucasus - Trialeti burial (Mound 5) and burial Lchashen. Among them there are both two-wheeled and four-wheeled. http://www.garshin.ru/evolution/ant...ps/y-dna/c-y-hg/c3-father-subclade/index.html
Ernest Mackay, who published the mask from Harappa
and the “priest” figure from Mohenjo-daro, pointed out
that they in no way correspond to the local small plastic art
traditions and held them as imports. Of the Harappan
terracottas proper, a minutely developed canon is
characteristic: these are female statuettes with luxuriant
locks and round eyes rendered with appliqués or pits.
Against such a background, the maskoids and “priests” are
noteworthy precisely because of their peculiarity.
According to Mackay, these statuettes are of a distinctly
Mongoloid appearance and differ sharply in their facial
type from the ordinary examples. They were retrieved from
one of the lowest strata of the city and suggest that its
population may have had an admixture of Mongoloid blood
introduced, possibly, by newcomers from the North-West,
or perhaps from the Iranian Plateau where, during
excavations in Tepe Hissar, several very ancient Mongoloid
skulls were found (Mackay 1951:133).
A similar method of harnessing is represented on seals from Kul-Tepe (Anatolia), where chariots are drawn probably either by some other type of equid or onager (Figure 6, 3: 2, 3).
Summing up, the Sayan complex of archaeological cultures of the Early Bronze Age, composed mainly of descendents of the Afanasyevo and Okunevo tribes, proved to have been a single archaeological formation for which there is convincing evidence that it migrated southwards to the upper reaches of the Indus River and further westwards to eastern Anatolia. There is rich evidence for the coexistence of the migrants with the local population, and we are only now beginning to understand the pre-conditions of such a successful movement and development of this cultural complex into new territories.
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