World's Mtdna Haplogroup percentage

[Bewolf]

Previously, i asked Grox - Twitter Ai about Y haplogroup percentage in whole world, so i thought to ask it about percentage of mitochondrial DNA or maternal haplogroups percentages, here how it responded:

L (L0-L6) 20–25% mostly in Africa

M (C, D, E, G, etc.) 15–20% mostly in Asia, Americas, Oceania

N (A, B, F, H, J, T, U, etc.) 55–60% mostly in Europe, West Asia, Southeast Asia

Others <5% Scattered globally

This is the summary





I felt this needed more details, here it is:

Global mtDNA Haplogroup Distribution
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups trace maternal lineages and are classified into macro-haplogroups (L, M, N, etc.) with numerous subclades. The distribution reflects human migration patterns out of Africa and subsequent regional expansions. Here’s an estimated breakdown of the major mtDNA haplogroups worldwide:

• Macro-Haplogroup L (L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6): ~20–25%
  • Predominantly found in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • L3 is the ancestor to all non-African haplogroups, with a global presence due to the Out-of-Africa migration (~60,000–70,000 years ago).
  • Estimated range: 20–25% globally, with peaks exceeding 80–90% in some African populations (e.g., West and Central Africa).
• Macro-Haplogroup M: ~15–20%
  • Common in Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, originating from the southern coastal migration route out of Africa.
  • Includes subclades like C, D, E, G, Q, and Z.
  • Estimated global frequency: ~15–20%, with high concentrations in East Asia (e.g., 60–70% in some Han Chinese populations), South Asia (e.g., 50–60% in India), and Indigenous Americans (e.g., 90–95% in some groups).
• Macro-Haplogroup N: ~55–60%
  • The most widespread macro-haplogroup, descending from L3, and includes many Eurasian and Oceanian lineages.
  • Subclades include A, B, F, I, W, X, Y (Asia/Americas) and R (which further splits into H, J, T, U, V, K, etc., dominant in Europe and West Asia).
  • Estimated global frequency: ~55–60%, with significant variation:
    • Europe: ~40–50% (mostly H, ~40% of Europeans).
    • West Asia/Middle East: ~20–30% (mix of J, T, U, H).
    • Oceania and Southeast Asia: ~30–40% (e.g., B, F).
• Other Haplogroups: <5%
  • Rare or regionally specific lineages (e.g., minor African L subclades, isolated Asian or Oceanian variants) contribute less than 5% globally due to their limited distribution.

Regional Breakdown
To provide more context, here’s how these haplogroups distribute in key regions, based on studies of modern populations:

• Africa:
  • L: 80–95% (e.g., L2 ~30%, L3 ~25% in some West African groups).
  • M and N derivatives: <5% (e.g., M1 in Northeast Africa ~10–15%).
  • Note: The dominance of L reflects Africa’s role as the origin of modern humans, with limited back-migration impact.
• Europe:
  • H: 40–50% (H1, H3 prevalent in Western Europe).
  • U: 10–15% (U5 in Northern Europe, U3/U4 in Eastern Europe).
  • J: 7–10% (J1c, J2 in Southern Europe).
  • T: 6–8% (T2 widespread).
  • Others (K, V, I, W, X): 5–10% combined.
  • Note: The high H frequency suggests a post-Last Glacial Maximum expansion, though some question whether this overemphasizes recent European gene pools over older lineages.
• Middle East:
  • J: 15–20% (J1, J2 common).
  • T: 10–15% (T1, T2).
  • H: 10–20% (H1, H3).
  • U: 10–15% (U7 prominent).
  • Pre-HV, HV: 5–10%.
  • Note: Diversity here reflects ancient crossroads, but sampling biases may underrepresent older haplogroups like U.
• South Asia:
  • M: 50–60% (M2, M3, M5, etc.).
  • N/R derivatives: 30–40% (e.g., R, U2, W).
  • U: 10–15% (U7, U2).
  • Note: High M frequency aligns with the southern migration route, though caste/tribe distinctions complicate uniform estimates.
• East Asia:
  • M: 50–70% (D, G, Z).
  • N: 20–40% (A, B, F).
  • Note: Strong M dominance reflects early coastal settlement, with N subclades (e.g., B) tied to later expansions.
• Americas:
  • M: 90–95% (C, D in North/South America).
  • A, B, X: 5–10% (A and B from northern migrations, X debated for European contact).