Sorry I answered under an upset condition (not very true indeed), and I wrote too quickly. I 'll try to make me clear:
- I wrote Y-G1a when I thought Y-G2a
- Y-G2a is in refugium areas in the core of the supposed cradle of Celts; it's sure that in Italy it's not so restricted in its distribution
- when we look at the hyperdominance of Y-G2a in Europe during Neolithic, and its rather restricted distribution today in the most of the areas we are obliged to consider it has not been the winner of Metal Ages Y-haplo's competition, in a time where the elites were male;
- surely there are diverse subligneages among Y-G2a and some of there, relatively recent compared to Neolithic, are more or less typical of some regions and of the today ethnicity of these regions, and surely they had different histories; but I find weird to link a statistically very minor male ligneage to the birth of an ethny (Celts here) when we see that the major male ligneages of this ethny or group of ethnies are all of the same not too ancient origin (Y-R1b-L51), origin common to other I-E speaking ethnies (Italic, Germanic, perhaps Lusitanian and Ligurian); I think you agree for this last point; If a find a specific subsubligneage of Y-E1b present solely among Irish eople, can I say: "Gaels or Western Celts were Y-E1b...x"? I know it's not your point, but Iwrite that to show I find useless to give life again to this thread linking G and Celts; a lot of things has been said in more than a thread about Y-G.
If people want to discuss Hallstatt, Atlantic and Celts identity (or lack of it) I should prefer they do that in a specific thread. But people are free, it was just my personal opinion.
You write:
Not all G were confined in refugium regions. G-L497 is the main G subclade in Europe, and it's an example. In fact, it's the opposite: it's uncommon in these regions. Besides, there were more than one set of G, as Angela pointed out (see below).
I answer: G-L497 is the main subclade among Y-G: it's very relative then; Y-G in Austria doesn't go very up the 11% if I don't mistake, locally, because the national mean would be 7-8%. the distribution of strongholds of Y-G is very spotty compared to other Y-haplos.
Where is Tyrol, or Switzerland? in plains? along big broad rivers, along coasts?
Y-G is common enough in Italy: Italy is a compartimented land; and Caucasus?
when a subclade makes say 75% or 7,5%, the absolute % is less than 7,5%, not 75%.
good evening by yhe way.