Info about "Iapdos"
"Iapdos"
Do not ruin the continuity of theme with your personal complexes about origin of the Albanians and the autochtony of south Slavs (as you are) in the Balkans, we are discussing this topic about something more concrete.
About every theory, you can find support ! - Also I can tell you thousands scientist linguist, anthropologist, historian, artist ... who talk about language, origin, culture... of albanians, so diametrically against your way of thinking, but that doesn't make a difference about you. You can find a compromise: leave that to the science. Anyway, the scientific precision would be to pedestal, just in a time of positive globalization and when nationalism would disappear in it, than you and I will talk in different way.
Illyrians, Greeks, Macedonians, Thracs... were a culture, not a race, not a nations... and we albanians are a synthesis of these ancient cultures:
Video in YouTube:
Albanian Dna
Albanian Dna 2
Albanian DNA and language
...
Here some books against your way of thinking:
Before XVIII century
1509 Eneo Silvio Piccolomini - 'Cosmograhia Pii Papae in Asiase & Europe [...]'
1555 Konrad Gesner Schweizer - “Mithridas sive de differentiis linguarum”
1587 Andrea de Poza Spanierin - “Albaner nannte man früher Epiroten”
1599 G. Skaliger Franzose - 'Langues europeennes, “die epirotische Sprache von früher ist die albanische Sprache von heute'
1695 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - 'Correspondence on the Albanian Language';
1646-1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - “Albanische Sprache ist die alte illyrische
1769 Johan Ihre - 'Glossarium Suiogothicum'
1774 Johann Thunman - 'Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europaeischen Völker'
1777 Niccolò Chetta - 'Tesoro di notizie su de’ Macedoni'
1746 - 1770 Hans Tunman - 'Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker “Albaner sind die direkten Nachfolger der Illyrer und wurden nicht romanisiert ”
1744 - 1803 Johann G.Herde Deutscher - 'Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit'
1784 Johann G.Herde Deutsche - “Albaner Nachfolger der Illyrer”
1751-1819 Daniel Farlati dhe Jakob Koleti - Enciklopedia "Illyricum Sacrum";
1755-1826 Conrad Malte-Bruun Däne - ' Annales des Voyages de la Geographie et de l`Historie' / Paris 1809 - “Albaner Nachfolger der Illyrer”
1790-1866 Jakob Falmerajer - “Das albanische Element in Griechenland”; “Besteht eine Verbindung der Albaner und Illyrern"
1794-1881 Ami Bue - “Verbindung der Illyrer mit Albanern”
Cent. XIX
1806 Johann Christoph Adelung - 'Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde [...]'
1807 Angelo Masci - 'Discorso sull’ origine, costume e stato attuale della nazione Albanese'
1811-1869 Johann Georg von Hahn - “Die vorfahren der Albaner sind eindeutig die Illyrer”
1812 Conrad Malte-Brun - 'Precis de la geographie universelle, [...]'
1814-1866 H.Hekard - 'Historia et Description de la Haute' - Albanie ou Guegarie “Illyrer Vorfahren der heutigen Albaner”
1816 Franz Bopp - 'Über das Conjugationsystem der Sanskritsprache [...]'
{1854 Franz Bopp - 'Ueber das Albanesische [...]'}
1817-1903 Teodor Mommsen - “Römische Geschichte”; “Die überlebenden der Illyrer sind die Albaner”
1820 François Pouquevile - 'Voyage dans le Grece'
1821-1882 D. Camarda - “Albanisch die älteste Sprache der welt”
1826 Christian Gottlob Gisner - Die alten Pelasger
1831 Giuseppe Crispi – 'Memoria sulla lingua albanese'
1835 Josef Xylander - 'Die Sprache der Albenesen oder Skipetaren'
1835 Ph. Fallmerayer - 'Welchen Einfluß hatte die Besetzung Griechenlands durch die Slawen auf das Schicksal der Stadt Athen und der Landschaft Attika? '
1847 Vincenzo Dorsa - 'Sugli albanesi, Ricerche e pensieri'
{1862 Vincenzo Dorsa - Studi etimologici della lingua albanese}
1854 Johann Georg von Hahn - 'Albanesiche Studien'
1855 Karl Reinhold - 'Noctes Pelasgicae vel symbolae ad cognoscendas dialectos Graeciae Pelasgicas'
1855 Nikolaos Nikokles - 'De albnensium sive Shkiptar origine et prosapia'
1860 Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer - 'Das albanesische Element in Griechenland'
1864 Demetrio Camarda - 'Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese'
1860 Frank Miklosici - “Albanische Forschung”
1866 L.Iasmouche - 'La Peninsule Balkanique”; “Die Albaner sind die einzigen repräsentierte Nation die von den Illyrern überlebt hat”
1877 Louis Benloew- 'Grèce avant les grecs: étude linguistique e ethnographique : pélasges, léléges, sémites e ioniens'
1878 Panajoti Kupitori - 'Studime shqiptare'
1879 Pashko Vasa - 'The Truth on Albania and the Albanians, Historical and Critical Issues'
1881 Arbereshi de Martino - 'L'arpa d'un Italo-Albanese: poesie varie
1886 Francesco Tajani - 'Le istorie albenesi'
1888 Marchiano Stanislao - 'I Pelasgi e la loro lingua'
1890 Ellis Hesselmeyer - 'Die Pelasgerfrage und Ihre Losbarkeit'
1850-1900 Gustav Meyer - “Albanische Studien”
1891 Gustav Meyer - 'Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Albanesischen Sprache'
1894 Girolamo de Rada - 'Appendice alla grammatica: Antologia albanese'
1894 Eduard Schneider - 'Une race oublièe, Les Pelasges et leurs descendantes'
1896 Eduard Schneider “Albanisch ist der reinste Beweis das sie die nachkommen der Illyrer Pelasger sind”
1896 Kretchmer Paul - 'Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës Greke'
1896 Spiro Lambro - 'Emërtimet e Atikës ( athinës) dhe vënd vendosjet e Shqiptarëve'
1899 Sami Frasheri - 'Shqipëria ç'ka qënë, ç'është e ç'do të bëhet'
Cent. XX
1901 Arturo Galanti - 'L'Albania'
1904 – 1906 Peck Vilmos – 'Okori Lexicon'
Gregorovius Ferdinand; 'Historia e qyteteve të Athinës në mesjetë'
1906 G. Hertzberg - 'Historia e greqisë nga mbarimi lashtësisë deri në ditët e sotme'
1907 John Linton Myres - 'A History of the Pelasgian Theory'
1907 Mihal Lambrinidhu - 'Shqiptarët në greqi dhe në poloponez'
1912 Iakovo Thomopulo – 'Pellazgji'
1913 Nicolae Densusianu - 'Dacia Preistorica'
1917 Donald MacKenzie - 'Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe'
1922 Agostino Ribecco - 'Vetustà della lingua albanese e sua importanza nella spiegazione del mondo antico'
1924 Jokel Norbert - 'Ilirët, shqiptarët, frigiatët dhe Trakët dhe Shqiptarët'
1924 Luigi Ugolini - 'L’antica Albania nelle ricerche archeologiche'
1934 John Arthur Munro - 'Pelasgians and Ionians'
1936 Leonid Ndrenika - 'Pelasgi e la loro lingua: cenni storici e filologici'
1937 George Fred Williams - 'Shqiptaret'
1940 Michele Gervasio - 'Albania Antica'
1944 Jakov Milaj - 'Raca Shqiptare'
1947 Valentin Ditjakin - 'Soviet science of the origin of the Slavs'
1950 Milan Budimir - 'The Greeks and Pelasti';
{1956 Milan Budimir - 'Pelasto – Slavica'}
1952 Albert van Windekens - 'Le Pelasgique Essaisur une langue indo-europenne prehellenique'
{1960 Albert van Windekens - 'Etudes Pelasgiques'}
1959 Julius Pokorny - 'Indogermanisches Etimologisches Worterbuch'
1960 Fritz Lochner-Hüttenbach - 'Die Pelasger'
1961 Zacharie Mayani - 'The Etruscans Begin to Speak'
{1973 Zacharie Mayani - 'Fundi i misterit Etrusk'}
1964 Konda Spiro - 'Shqiptarët dhe problemi Pellazgjik'
1965 D.A.Hester - 'Pelasgian a new Indo-European language?'
1966 Tajar Zavalani - 'Histori e Shqipnis'
1982 Giuseppe Catapano - Elena (Gesù; Menelao Abbandonato, Etj.)
{1983 Giuseppe Catapano - 'Thot Parlava Albanese'}
{1984 Giuseppe Catapano - 'Faraon, la nostra stirpe' (Antichità della lingua albanese; etj.)}
{1995 Giuseppe Catapano - 'Ramseti i madh ishte i gjakut tonë' (Art.)}
{1996 Giuseppe Catapano - 'Shqiptarët, Popull i ndarë'}
1966 L.S.Abel - 'Fifth Century B.C., Concepts of the Pelasgians'
1965 S.Anamali, F.Prendi, S.Islami, H.Ceka – 'Iliria te autorët antikë'
1971 Skender Anamali - 'Përmbledhje artikujsh arkeologjike për historinë e lashtë të Shqipërisë'
{2009 Skender Anamali - 'Amantia, qytet i Ilirisë Jugore'}
1975 James Mellaart - 'The Neolithic of the Near East'
1977 Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev - 'Trakite i tehnijat ezik'
1977 Michael Sakellariou - 'Peuple préhelléniques d'origine indo-européennee'
1979 Fritz Schachermeyr - 'Die Ägäische Frühzeit [...]'
1979 Robert Buck - 'A History of Boeotia'
1979 Edgar Furnee - 'Study to the East Mediterranean Subtrat in Addition to an Attempt to a New Pelasgian Theory'
1980 James Pandeli - 'Oh Albania, My Poor Albania'
{2003.James Pandeli - 'The Language Of God'}
1981 Irnerio Gnudi - 'Pelasgi, Fenici, Etruschi, [...]'
1983 Aleksandr Iosifovič Nemirovskij - 'Etruski: ot mira k istorii'
1984 Akaki Urushadze - 'The Country of the Enchantress Media'
1984 Nermin Vlora Falaschi - 'Pelasgi, iliri, etruschi, albanesi'
{1989 Nermin Vlora Falaschi - Etrusco lingua viva}
{1997 Nemrin Vlora Falaschi - 'Prona gjuhësore dhe gjentike: Probabilitet e monogjenezës embrionale të fjalëve'}
{1998 Nermin Vlora Falaschi - 'Pellazget-iliret-etrusket-shqiptaret: Qyteterime me te lashta mesdhetare'}
1985 Rismag Gordeziani - 'Pre-Grecian and Georgian'
1986 Alexander Fol - 'Trakijskijat orfizam'
2008 Hansjörg Frommer - "Die Illyrer 4000 Jahre europäische Geschichte"
1988 Pierre Cabanes - “Les Illyriens de Bardylis a Genthios”
1989 E. B. French. - 'Archaeology in Greece (Archaeological Reports, No. 36.)'
1990 Dhimiter Pilika - 'Pellazgët, origjina jonë e mohuar'
1990 Robert D'Angely - 'Enigma'
{1990 Robert D'Angely - 'The Illyrians Thracians & Homer'}
{1998 Robert D'Angely - 'Comparative Albanian Grammar'}
1990 Ludwig Klages - 'I Pelasgi'
1994 Eqrem Çabej - Shqiptaret midis Perendmit dhe Lindjes
1995 Edwin Jacques - Shqiptaret
1996 Vladimir Xhelaj - Zgjidhja e enigmës së misterit etrusk
{2009 Vladimir Xhelaj - 'Në origjinë të kombit shqiptar dhe të gjuhës së tij: Arbëria dhe arbërit; ilirët dhe gjuha e tyre; etj.'}
1997 Nezir Myrta - 'Iliristika'
1998 John Wilkes - 'Iliret'
1999 Shaban Demiraj - 'Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe'
1983 Aristidh Kola – 'Arvanitasit dhe prejardhja e grekeve'
{1989 Aristidh Kola - 'Gjuha e Perendive'}
{2000 Aristidh Kola - 'Zeusi pellazgjik dhe mashtrimi indoeuropian'}
Cent. XXI
2000 Preloc Margilaj - 'Ilirët flasin shqip, Shqiptarët flasin ilirisht'
2000 Mexhit Kokalari - 'Bijtë e shpatës shqiptare'
{2001 Mexhit Kokalari - 'Epiri, kryeqëndra e qytetërimit antik në Evropë'}
{2001 Mexhit Kokalari - 'Gjëmon historia e shqiptarëve'}
{2005 Mexhit Kokalari - 'Teuta, Mbretëresha e Ilirisë'}
{2005 Mexhit Kokalari - 'Aleksandri i Madh'}
2001 Georges Castellan - 'Histoire de l'Albanie et des Albanais'
2001 Jean Faucounau - 'The Proto-Ionians: Story of a Forgotten People'
{2002 Shaban Demiraj - 'Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe'}
{2004 Shaban Demiraj - 'Gjuhësi ballkanike'}
{2006 Shaban Demiraj - 'Origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated'}
{2008 Shaban Demiraj - 'Epiri, pellazgët, etruskët dhe shqiptarët'}
2004 Andreas Lippert -" Die Illyrer. Katalog zu einer Ausstellung von archäologischen Funden der albanischen Eisenzeit (12. - 4. Jh. v. Chr.)"
2005 Jean Faucounau - 'The Greek origins to the Bronze Age'}
2002 Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers & Bernd J. Fischer, Eds. - 'Albanian Identities, Myth and History'
2002 Aleksander Stipçeviq - 'Iliret'
2002 Jaho Brahaj - 'Flamuri i kombit Shqiptar'
2003 Muzafer Korkuti - 'Parailiret, Iliret, Arberit'
2003 Mathieu Aref - 'Albania or the incredible odyssey of preHellenic people'
{2004 Mathieu Aref - 'Greece: (Mycéniens = Pélasges) or the solution of an enigma'}
2004 Edward Bulwer Lytton – 'Athens, Its Rise and Fall, [...]'
2004 Niko Stylos - "Historia e shenjtë e Arvanitëve";
2004 Niko Stylos - "MARKO BOÇARI"
2005 Petro Zheji - 'Shqipja dhe Sankritishtja'
2005 Enzo Gatti – Iliret
2006 Elena Kocaqi – 'Albanet me fame mijevjeçare'
{2007 Elena Kocaqi - 'Roli pellazgo-ilir në krijimin e kombeve dhe gjuhëve evropiane'}
{2008 Elena Kocaqi - 'Shqipja çelësi i gjuhëve indoevropiane'}
{2009 Elena Kocaqi - 'Planet për zhdukjen e shqiptarëve: si u krijua Greqia dhe Serbia në trojet shqiptare'}
2006 Arsim Spahiu - 'Pellazgët dhe ilirët në Greqinë e vjetër'
2006 Arthur Evans - 'Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration'
2007 Ignacy Ryszard Danka - 'Pelazgowie, autochtoni Hellady, [...]'
2007 Fiqiret Barbullushi - 'Akili, Odiseja... nuk ishin helenë [...]'
{2009 Fiqiret Barbullushi - 'Akili dhe Agamemnoni'}
2007 Alberto Areddu – 'Le origini albanesi della civiltà in Sardegna'
2008 Ali Eltari - 'Pellazgët, krijuesit e qytetërimit botëror'
2008 Pjeter Nikolla - 'E vërteta e mitologjisë iliro-pellazge'
2008 Ibrahim Kelmendi - 'Ilirët në protohistori : origjina, kultura dhe përhapja e tyre'
2008 Selim Islami - 'Historia e ilirëve: përmbledhje punimesh'
2008 Shpresa Omer - 'Në gjurmët e pellazgjishtes: një krahasim etimologjik i fjalëve të gjermanishtes me ato të shqipes'
2008 Artan Haxhi - 'Etnogjeneza e gjuhës shqipe: përsiatje'
2008 Kapllan Burovic - 'Who are Albanians?: studies into the origin of Albanians'
2009 Luftulla & Liliana Peza - 'Dritë e re mbi pellazgët dhe gjuhën e tyre'
...
The arguments for the Illyrian-Albanian connection have been as follows:[36][37]
* The national name Albania is derived from Albanoi,[38][39][40] an Illyrian tribe mentioned by Ptolemy about 150 A.D.
* From what we know from the old Balkan populations territories (Greeks, Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians), Albanian language is spoken in the same region where Illyrian was spoken in ancient times.[41]
* There is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since the records of Illyrian occupation.[42]
* Many of what remain as attested words to Illyrian have an Albanian explanation and also a number of Illyrian lexical items (toponyms, hydronyms, oronyms, anthroponyms, etc.) have been linked to Albanian.[43]
* Borrowed words (eg Gk (NW) "device, instrument" mākhaná > *mokër "millstone" Gk (NW) drápanon > *drapër "sickle" etc) from Greek language date back before the Christian era[44] and are mostly of Doric dialect of Greek language,[45] which means that the ancestors of the Albanians were in Northwestern part of Ancient Greek civilization and probably borrowed them from Greek cities (Dyrrachium, Apollonia, etc) in the Illyrian territory, colonies whic belonged to the Doric division of Greek, or from the contacts in Epirus area.
* Borrowed words from Latin (eg Latin aurum > ar "gold", gaudium > gaz "gas" etc[46]) date back before the Christian era,[47][48] while Illyrians in the todays Albanian territory were the first from the old Balkan populations to be conquered by Romans in 229 - 167 B.C., Thracians were conquered in 45 A.D. and Dacians in 106 A.D.
* The ancient Illyrian place-names of the region have achieved their current form following Albanian phonetic rules e.g. Durrachion > Durrës (with the Albanian initial accent) Aulona > Vlonë~Vlorë (with rhotacism) Scodra > Shkodra etc.[49][50][51][52]
* The characteristics of the Albanian dialects Tosk and Geg[53] in the treatment of the native and loanwords from other languages, have lead to the conclusion that the dialectal split preceded the Slavic migration to the Balkans[54][55] which means that in that period (5th to 6th century AD) Albanians were occupying pretty much the same area around Shkumbin river[56] which straddled the Jirecek line.[57][58]
1. ^ a b c Gheg 2,779,246 + Tosk 2,980,000 + Arbereshe 80,000 + Arvanitika 150,000 = 5,989,246. (Ethnologue, 2005)
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: ethnologue.com.
2. ^ in Notes et éxtraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au XV-ème siècle (4-ème sèrie, 1453-1576, Bucharest, 1915, p. 194-198).
3. ^ Dumitru Todericiu, An Albanian text older than the "Christening Formula" of 1462, in "Magazin Istoric", nr. 8, Bucharest, November 1967.
4. ^ Dr. Robert Elsie, The Bellifortis text and early Albanian in "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", Berlin, 22 February 1986, p. 158-162..
5. ^ Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham, 15 (1991), p. 20-34.
6. ^ [1] Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
7. ^ [2] Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, March 7-9, 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin
8. ^ [3] A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method - Hans J. Holm
9. ^ Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages, pg. 396
10. ^ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Albaner - Brife, Hanover, 1705 (E.P.Hamp, On Leibniz's Third Albanian Letter - Zeitschrift fur Balkanologie, Je XVI/1, 1981, M.Reiter, Leibnizen's Albanel - Briefe - Zeitschrift fur Balkanologie Jg. XVI, 1980,)Thunmann, Johann. Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker. Laipzig (1774). Kopitar, B.J. Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache. Wien (1829) Hahn, Georg von. Albanesische Studien. Wien (1853). Bopp, Franz. Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen. Berlin (1855). Camarda, Demetrio. Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese. Livorno (1864. Camarda, Demetrio. Appendice al Saggio di grammatologia sulla lingua albanese. Prato (1866). Miklosich, Franz: Albanische Forschungen. I: Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870). Miklosich, Franz. Albanische Forschugen, II: Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870). Meyer, Gustav. Albanesische Studien. I - Wien 1882; III - 1892; V - 1896. Pedersen, Holger. Bidrag til den albanesiske sproghistorie. (Festskrift til Vilhelm Thomsen). Kobenhavn (1894). Pedersen, Holger. Albanesisch 1905. Rom. Jb. IX (1905). Erlangen (1909). Kretschmer, Paul. Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, (Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës greke), Göttingen, (1896) Kretschmer, Paul. Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans, (Parahistoria gjuhësore e Ballkanit), Revue Internationale des e'tudes balkaniquee, vol. II (1935) Thumb, A. Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen. IF 26 (1926). Sandfeld, Kristian. Linguistique balkanique, problemes et resultats. Paris 1930. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise. LP II, 1950. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie. LP VIII, 1960. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane. SF 1973/2. Lambertz, Maximilian. Lehrgang des Albanischen. Teil I: Albanisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Teil II: Albanische Chrestomathie. Teil III: Grammatik der albanischen Sprache (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1954, Berlin 1955, Halle/Saale 1959). Gjinari, Jorgji. Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1968/4. Gjinari, Jorgji. Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe. SF 1969/3. Gjinari, Jorgji. Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit. SF 1976/3. Gjinari, Jorgji. Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar. SF 1982/3. Mayer, Antun. Die Sprache der alten Illyrier. B. II. Wien 1959. Tagliavini, Carlo. La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei. Bologna 1965. Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1-2. Mihaescu, Haralambie La langue latine dans le sud-est de l’Europe. Bucuresti-Paris: Editura Academiei-Les Belles Lettres (1978). Mann, Stuart E.: An Albanian Historical Grammar ; Hamburg : Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977 Çabej, Eqrem. Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH 1962/4 (In German SA 1964/1). Çabej, Eqrem. Rreth disa Çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH1963/3 (In Romanian SCL 1954/4). Çabej, Eqrem. Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes. SF 1970/2 (In German “Die Sprache”, Wien 1972). Çabej, Eqrem. L'ancien nom national des albanais. SA 1972/1. Çabej, Eqrem. Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1972/4. Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1). Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes.; vëll. II, Tiranë 1976. Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes; vëll. I. Tiranë 1982. Desnickaja, A.V. Albanskij jazyk i ego dialekty. Leningrad 1968. Desnickaja, A.V. Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology Linguistics, EJ088069 (1973) Desnickaja, A.V. Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija, Cast 1. Leningrad: Nauka Press. 1990. Pisani, Vittore L'albanais et les autres langues indoeuropéennes, "Annuaire de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales etslaves", t. X, Bruxelles, 1950 Pisani, Vittore. Les origines de la langue albanaise. SA 1964/1. Pisani, Vittore. Sulla genesi dell'albanese. Akten Innsbruck (1972). Ajeti, Idriz. La presence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Peninsule Balkanique а la lumiere de la langue et de la toponymie. SA 1968/2. Ajeti, Idriz. Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave. SF 1972/4. Ölberg, Hermann. Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel. Akten Innsbruck (1972). Ölberg, Hermann. Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve. SF 1982/3. Domi, Mahir. Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma. SF 1974/4. Domi, Mahir. Considerations sur les traits communs ou paralleles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur etude. SA 1975/1. Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans (Trends in linguistics). The Hague and Paris: Mouton. (1976). Riza, Selman. Studime albanistike. Pristina 1979. De Simone, Carlo. Gli illiri del Sud. Tentativo di una definizione. “Iliria” (Tiranë) 1986/1. Banfi, Emanuele. Linguistica balcanica. Bologna 1985. Banfi, Emanuele. Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo. Milano 1991. Huld, Martin E. Basic Albanian etymologies. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. (1984). Buchholz, Oda / Fiedler, Wilfried: Albanische Grammatik ; Leipzig : VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, (1987) Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l’elemento latino dell’albanese në: Abruzzo. Rivista dell'Istituto di Studi Abruzzesi XIX, 1980 Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin latin të shqipes (Some observations over the latin element of the Albanian language), in: SF 1982/3 Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Avviamento alla linguistica albanese (Edizione rinnovata) (1997) Demiraj, Shaban. Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj. Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar (Tirane) 1988. Demiraj, Shaban. Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) TOENA (Tirane), 1996 Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe. Shkenca (Tirane) 1999 Demiraj, Shaban. Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) 2002 Demiraj, Shaban. Gjuhësi Ballkanike. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) 2004
11. ^ Weigand, Gustav. Sind die Albaner die Nachkommen der Illyrier oder der Thraker? BA III. (1927). derives it from Thracian, Georgiev, Vladimir. Albanisch, Dakisch - Mysisch und Rumanisch. BE 1960/2 derives it from Dacian
12. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
13. ^ Vladimir Orel (2000) links the word to an unattested Vulgar Latin *melettum, which must be a borrowing from NW Greek mélitta. There is no real reason to posit Vulgar Latin mediation. J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams (1997) have the word as a native development, from *melítiā, a form also considered to underly Greek mélissa; however, this form gave Albanian mjalcë "bee", which is a native word and derivative of mjaltë "honey" (< Proto-Albanian *melita). In any case, the word does not appear to be native to Albanian.
14. ^ The word fat has both the meaning of "fate, luck" and "groom, husband". This may indicate two separate words that are homophones, one derived from Gothic and the other from Latin fātum; although, Orel (2000) sees them as the same word. Similarly, compare Albanian shortë "fate; spouse, wife" which mirrors the dichotomy in meaning of fat but is considered to stem from one single source - Latin sortem "fate".
15. ^ Calvert Watkins, "The Indo-European Linguistic Family: Genetic and Typological Perspectives", in Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds., The Indo-European Languages (London: Routledge, 1998) 38.
16. ^ William Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change, vol. 1: Internal Factors (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994) 42.
17. ^ E.P. Hamp, "Albanian", in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (Oxford, UK: Persamon Press, 1994) 66-7.
18. ^ J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, "Albanian", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) 9.
19. ^ [4] Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
20. ^ Kopitar, B.J. Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache. Wien 1829, (254)
21. ^ Meyer, Gustav. Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanesischen. (In: Grцbers Grundriss, I; I.Auflage) (1888), (805)
22. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. Rumanisch, romanisch, albanesisch. (Mitteilungen des Romanischen Instituts an der Universitet Wien. I. Heilderberg 1914), (32)
23. ^ Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1) (13-51)
24. ^ Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1, 30
25. ^ Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1, 21
26. ^ Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1-2
27. ^ A. Rosetti, Istoria limbii române, 1986, pp. 195-197
28. ^ The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century By John Van Antwerp Fine Edition: reissue, illustrated Published by University of Michigan Press, 1991 ISBN 0472081497, 9780472081493 (page 10)
29. ^ Thunmann, Johannes E. "Untersuchungen uber die Geschichte der Oslichen Europaischen Volger". Teil, Leipzig, 1774.
30. ^ Indo-European language and culture: an introduction By Benjamin W. Fortson Edition: 5, illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 ISBN 1405103167, 9781405103169
31. ^ Stipčević, Alexander. Iliri (2nd edition). Zagreb, 1989 (also published in Italian as "Gli Illiri")
32. ^ NGL Hammond The Relations of Illyrian Albania with the Greeks and the Romans. In Perspectives on Albania, edited by Tom Winnifrith, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1992
33. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
34. ^ Thunman, Hahn, Kretschmer, Ribezzo, La Piana, Sufflay, Erdeljanovic and Stadtmuller referenced at Hamp see (The position of Albanian, E. Hamp 1963)
35. ^ Jireček as referenced at Hamp see (The position of Albanian, E. Hamp 1963)
36. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
37. ^ Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999
38. ^ History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453 By Alexander A. Vasiliev Edition: 2, illustrated Published by Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1958 ISBN 0299809269, 9780299809263 (page 613)
39. ^ History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries By Barbara Jelavich Edition: reprint, illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 1983 ISBN 0521274583, 9780521274586 (page 25)
40. ^ The Indo-European languages By Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1998 ISBN 041506449X, 9780415064491 (page 481)
41. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 page 11
42. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 page 11 link [5]
43. ^ Çabej, E. "Die alteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und der Ortsnamen," VII Congresso internaz. di sciense onomastiche, 1961 241-251; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227. "Problemi i autoktonisë së shqiptarëvet në dritën e emravet të vendeve," BUShT 1958:2.54-66. Also summarized in Bibliotheca Classica Orientalis (1960):5.20. See their summary at Hamp "Position of Albanian"
44. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 page 11 link [6]
45. ^ Çabej, E. "Die alteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und der Ortsnamen," VII Congresso internaz. di sciense onomastiche, 1961 241-251; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227
46. ^ Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe.(The characteristics of Latin Loans in Albanian language) SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1) (13-51)
47. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 (page 11) borrowed words from Greek and Latin date back to before Christian era see also (page 9) Even very common words such as mik"friend"(<Lat. amicus) or këndoj"sing (<Lat. cantare) come from Latin and attest to a widespread intermingling of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers during the Roman period, roughfly from the second century BC to the fifth century AD.
48. ^ Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999
49. ^ Çabej, E. "Die alteren Wohnsitze der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel im Lichte der Sprache und der Ortsnamen," VII Congresso internaz. di sciense onomastiche, 1961 241-251; Albanian version BUShT 1962:1.219-227
50. ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 page 11 link [7]
51. ^ Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999
52. ^ Cimochowski, W. "Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l’Albanie," Ling. Posn. 8.133-45 (1960). On Durrës
53. ^ In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin (page 23) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008 ISBN 0080877745, 9780080877747
54. ^ The dialectal split into Geg and Tosk happened sometime after the region become Christianized in the fourth century AD; Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu"monk" (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus. (page 392) Indo-European language and culture: an introduction By Benjamin W. Fortson Edition: 5, illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 ISBN 1405103167, 9781405103169
55. ^ The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show those changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD (page 9)Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
56. ^ The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk. (page 23) Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier,2008 ISBN 0080877745, 9780080877747
57. ^ Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999
58. ^ See also Hamp 1963 The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line.
59. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander (Ed.) (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
* General Surveys
o "Albanian language", in Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edn. (1985).
o Campbell, George L., ed. Compendium of the World’s Languages, 2nd edn., vol. 1: Abaza to Kurdish, s.v. “Albanian”. London and New York: Routledge, 2000, pp. 50–7.
o Hamp, E. P. “Albanian”, in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher, vol. 1. Oxford: Pergamon, 1994, pp. 65–7.
o Price, Glanville, ed. Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, s.v. “Albanian”. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 4–8.
* Historical
o Demiraj, Shaban. "Albanian", in The Indo-European Languages, Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998.
o Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "Albanian", in Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. London: Blackwell, 2004.
o Huld, Martin E. Basic Albanian Etymologies. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers, 1984.
o Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. Adams. "Albanian", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
o Orel, Vladimir. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
* Grammar
o Camaj, Martin. Albanian Grammar. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.
o Newmark, Leonard et al. Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students. Standford: Stanford University Press, 1982.
* Other
o Gjinari, Jorgji. Dialektologjia shqiptare. Prishtinë: Universiteti, 1970.
o Xhelal Ylli, Andrej N. Sobolev, Albanskii toskskii govor sela Leshnja. Muenchen: Biblion Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-932331-29-X
o Xhelal Ylli, Andrej N. Sobolev, Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr. Muenchen: Biblion Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-932331-36-2
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