How can IE migration be explained without mentioning Seima Turbino?

[johen]

"there is, probably, one more testimony to the invasion of central europe by the seima-turbino peoples. on bronze age settlements in saxony, burials are known of skulls and pieces of bones showing signs of cannibalism. unfortunately, the publication does not define more exactly to which period these finds relate [grimm, 1997]. in particular, many simi-lar finds have been made in slovakia, on settlements of the veterov, madjarovce and otomani cultures.they are known on unětice settlements very rarely.often, traces of scraping and incisions are visible on bones, and the cooking of body parts is not ex-cluded. sometimes there are pieces of skull. a cer-emonial mask found on the nitriansky hrádok set-tlement, made from the front of a skull, is especiallyinteresting [furmanek, jakab, 1997]. it should be noted that the distribution here of bronzes of seima-turbino type is dated exactly to this time and found on settlements of this group. the connection of suchrituals with these cultural groups can be demon-strated also by an example from south-western poland, where, at the end of phase br a2, the nowagerekwia group occurs, whose formation is usuallyconnected with the abovementioned cultural devel-opments in slovakia. at this time both fortified set-tlements and burials on settlements appeared here.very often there are separate human bones, espe-cially skulls and pieces of skull. it was uncharacter-istic of unětice culture and is subsequently absent from trzciniec culture..."

scythian:

[gorno-altaisk, russia—the siberian times reports that a 2,500-year-old grave from the pazyryk culture has been found in the altai mountains. the grave was looted in antiquity, but still contained the remains of an adult and a child or teenager, who had been buried with two small bronze mirrors, ceramics, gold foil, and wearing fur garments. their heads, however, had been removed and placed at their knees. nikita konstantinov of gorno-altaisk state university said the pazyryks often buried defeated enemies without their heads, since they made the skulls into bowls. “but this is obviously a different case,” he said. it is possible that the heads were detached when the grave was looted, but the rest of the skeletons remained undisturbed. konstantinov and his team will try to determine the age and sex of the skeletons, and study the cervical vertebrae to try to learn more about how the heads were removed. “we have no similar cases, so we need to investigate this one very thoroughly,” he said. to read more about the pazyryk culture, go to "iron age mummy." in the current issue]

American indian:

[a 3,000 year-old village discovered in central california has been found to contain an unusual set of burials — with more than a half dozen individuals buried without their heads, and nearly as many others buried intact, with an extra skull by their side. in two of the graves, the crowns of the severed skulls had even been fashioned into smooth, polished bowls.]

"Leather was one of the most important materials of nomadic Scythians, used for clothing, shoes, and quivers, amongst other objects. However, our knowledge regarding the specific animal species used in Scythian leather production remains limited. In this first systematic study, we used palaeoproteomics methods to analyse the species in 45 samples of leather and two fur objects recovered from 18 burials excavated at 14 different Scythian sites in southern Ukraine. Our results demonstrate that Scythians primarily used domesticated species such as sheep, goat, cattle, and horse for the production of leather, while the furs were made of wild animals such as fox, squirrel and feline species. The surprise discovery is the presence of two human skin samples, which for the first time provide direct evidence of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus’ claim that Scythians used the skin of their dead enemies to manufacture leather trophy items, such as quiver covers. We argue that leather manufacture is not incompatible with a nomadic lifestyle and that Scythians possessed sophisticated leather production technologies that ensured stable supply of this essential material."

shang china

"

Abstract​

Decapitation was an integral part of the complex ritual practices recorded in the palaeographic and archaeological records at the Late Shang (c. 1250–1050 BCE) site of Yinxu in Henan Province, China. Although representations of decapitation are often found in societies where the act was carried out, no clear evidence exists for Yinxu, where only a small number of human depictions have been uncovered to date. In this article, I use archaeological data from sacrificial contexts and material culture uncovered during excavations over the past 90 years to investigate the human head as Late Shang elite visual culture. I argue that the dramatic increase in decapitation at Yinxu necessitated the development of a ritually informed process for handling these remains that transformed them into elite objects, while simultaneously pacifying their potentially dangerous post-mortem agency. This research contributes to global comparative studies on the materiality of the human head."

Decapitated Heads as Elite Visual Culture in Late Shang China | Cambridge Archaeological Journal | Cambridge Core

Decapitated Heads as Elite Visual Culture in Late Shang China - Volume 32 Issue 2

www.cambridge.org

Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China’s Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours - Journal of World Prehistory

In place of the traditional view that raids and invasion from the north introduced new weapons and chariots to the Shang (c. 1200 BC), we argue that archaeological evidence illustrates the presence of several regional groups at or near the late Shang centre, Anyang. Here we review burial...

link.springer.com

Shimao pyramid culture china:

"The most common burial in tombs is the burial of the head or the burial of a wife and concubine, which are characteristic of nomadic peoples"

"The owner of the tomb has the custom of making and using human head bowls"

https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-a3b4fcf11fee3045970b712f35ea601b_720w.webp

"Martyrs with their heads cut off"

https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-332f2ceeb478eb600df177577e17e8b7_720w.webp

"The rulers of the ancient city of shimao also popularized this kind of headdress made from human ribs!"

石峁古城 黄帝游牧奴役农耕 华夏自北而南 内城外城贵贱别处 猴脸雕刻 人头奠基 城墙出玉器 统万城平城

石峁古城是早2600年的统万城 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 徐江伟 陕西榆林石峁古城遗址是全国重点文物保护单位，被誉为“21世纪世界重大考古发现”，…

zhuanlan.zhihu.com

bone for divination:

https://img.cnwest.com/a/10001/202004/21/4c1e1b438dbb1e8488b0681b87f2db8f.jpeg

Shang china, oracle bone:

 

[johen]

shimao shaft tomb:

"The 15 pit tombs can be divided into two areas, north and south, of which the southern area has a higher level of tombs, with rounded corners and rectangular planes, and the tomb area is generally more than 10 square meters, with a depth of 3.5 meters to 4 meters."

Archaeologists discover noble-exclusive cemetery at ancient Shimao site in China

A noble-exclusive cemetery with stone walls and rows of burials was discovered at the Shimao site in Shenmu city, Yulin, Shaanxi province, which is evidence of an early-stage country.

govt.chinadaily.com.cn

Mycenaean shaft tomb:

------

- mogou shaft and side chamber grave at Qijia (seima turbino culture) at china:

- catacomb culture shaft and side chamber grave:

- ancient mexican tombs:

 

[johen]

Qin shihwang's spiral : https://www2.oberlin.edu/images/Art250/05-0001.JPG

a wet felted rug with archaic motif from Turkmenistan:

Felted rug

This is a wet felted rug with archaic motif from Turkmenistan. It was a long process, about 1 weeks work. First I started on bubble wrap with design (wet pencil roving), then I filled with coloured…

feltingandfiberstudio.com

"An image of the first Qin emperor on a stone tablet. His attire is decorated with spiral patterns.(above)
Torch for the Beijing Olympics 2008 with spiral patterns.
The Cherchen man with a spiral-pattern painted on the temple.
The horse from Gansu with a spiral pattern on the temple."

https://www.dandebat.dk/eng-dan8.htm:

"Along his temples, there is bright yellow, ochre face paint in a swirl design with rays extending out of the spiral, which spread across his cheek over the bridge of his nose."

https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/S13_Thesis_Longfellow.pdf

seima turbino spirals on dagger:

https://swordmaster.org/uploads/2017/besarab/05-02.jpg

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natalia-Shishlina/publication/336933892/figure/fig2/AS:1088628382007297@1636560640584/Borodino-hoard-Colour-figure-can-be-viewed-at-wileyonlinelibrarycom.jpg

The many monkey face carvings (with spiral) unearthed from the archaeological excavations of Shimao Ancient City:

石峁古城 黄帝游牧奴役农耕 华夏自北而南 内城外城贵贱别处 猴脸雕刻 人头奠基 城墙出玉器 统万城平城

石峁古城是早2600年的统万城 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 徐江伟 陕西榆林石峁古城遗址是全国重点文物保护单位，被誉为“21世纪世界重大考古发现”，…

zhuanlan.zhihu.com

Mayan monkey with spiral:

"Three monkeys sit cross-legged. Each holds a cacao pod and wears an ornament around their neck. This polychrome cylinder vase was found at the site of Chama, in Guatemala. Rollout photograph by Justin Kerr (K1789). www.mayavase.com"

"Like other peoples throughout the world, the ancient Maya explained the origin of the world, and of the humans and animals who occupy it, in mythological creation stories. Monkeys figure prominently in these accounts and are often the result of an early and failed attempt by the gods to produce humans. One particularly prominent Maya account of creation, known as the Popol Vuh (book of council), narrates the activities of Jun Batz and Jun Chuen, a pair of monkey artist deities, prior to the creation of humans. The Popol Vuh describes this monkey pair as talented artisans, and specifically as scribes, singers, dancers, painters, sculptors, and jewelers. Representing both howler and spider monkeys, Jun Batz and Jun Chuen were often depicted making art or
writing, and were viewed as protectors of Maya artists"

Monkeys and the Ancient Maya — Punta Laguna

puntalagunamx.com

 

[johen]

Cambridge
"Some of the beads "didn't move very far from where they were found so we know which order they where strung", said Alison
Sheridan"

Iranian glass beads found at 'UK's Pompeii' near Peterborough​

Analysis of beads found at the Must Farm dig reveals the residents' "cosmopolitan connections".

www.bbc.com

A collection of tools and ornaments from the late Bronze Age Adabrock hoard (1,000 -800bc)

Bronze axeheads from Driffield Hoard:

Seima turbino culture migration:

"essential changes in metalworking occurred inthe middle bronze age [megaw, simpson, 1979, p.207], of which the appearance of arrowheads look-ing back to seima-turbino forms is of most interestto us. they have a cast elongated round socket, awide long blade, and a round or rhombic socket-shank. on the socket there are eyes for attachment(fig. 78.3,4). some sockets are ornamented withtriangles or zigzags which correspond closely toseima tradition [ehrenberg, 1977]. middle bronzeage hoards also contain celts with a side eye [farley,1979]. in addition to objects linked with seima-turbino metalworking, metal of central europeanorigin occurs in the wessex complexes, in particu-lar, pins of unětician types [megaw, simpson, 1979, p. 227]"


"The related Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara ("axe, mace", (later) "hammer"; whence Ukonvasara, "Ukko's hammer") is an early loanword from the Proto-Indo-Aryan *vaj’ra-"

Dahekou Cemetery of the Western Zhou Dynasty (c. 11th century-771 BC)

Ancient tomb unveiled: discoveries from Western Zhou Dynasty

On Monday, the Shanxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology published new excavation information about an ancient tomb from the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 11th century-771 BC) in Yicheng county of Linfen city, Shanxi province.

www.chinadaily.com.cn

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X22004886

 

[johen]

^
"According to the "Research Report on Ancient DNA of the Remains of the Western Zhou Cemetery in Xinancheng of the Longzi" released by it, 4 of the 7 male samples were tested for N-M128 (upstream of N-F1998), and the other three cases were: 1 Q1a-Y642, 1 C2a1-CTS2428, 1 N1b2e-M1846."

N-L666 - 祖源树TheYtree（基因溯源，免费上树，电子家谱）祖缘树, 父系树

N-L666 - 祖源树TheYtree，也称 祖缘树 全球首个致力于基因寻根溯源服务的公益性网站，不分肤色，不分国籍，不分姓氏，只要你有做父系基因检测，都免费上祖源树，永不磨灭的电子家谱！

www.theytree.com

- "It is worth mentioning that the descendants of N-F963-F1206 appeared in Hungary in large numbers. A few examples are briefly listed below":

https://inf.news/en/science/ee5e024bfa8d597d6c8534ee0f5d16be.html

https://min.news/en/history/a6e5a0414b5945a1a23c568d651e74fe.html

- The Newest Study in Scandinavian aDNA: lots of N

How Do You Compare to New Ancient DNA From Scandinavia?

Are you connected to the samples from the new study out of Scandinavia? Take a look at each sample and discover for yourself.

blog.familytreedna.com

- another elite groups at west zhou dynasty Q1a -M120:

Stratification Analysis of Ancient DNA of Western Zhou Dynasty: Differences in Data from 3 Works of Different Years

1. Data for 2012 Earliest data should be from Li Hongjie's 2012 graduate thesis

www.credit-cards-top.com

western zhou:

^ Yupei

"Buryat woman (Irkutsk) in formal regalia of cascading chain and 4multi-strand beaded ornaments suspended from spacer plaques. Collection ofPeter the Great’s Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology, St. Petersburg. Early20th c. After Basilov, 1989:90."

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226717300284

 

[johen]

^

"Rawson pointed to an earlysecond millennium BCE metal prototype from the Sintashta cultural complex in the northern steppes east of the Ural Mountains (Anthony,2007:392; Rawson, 2013). Only one example (M92) from the Jin cemetery at Tianma-Qucun (western zhou) parallels this model. Both Sintashta and Jin ornaments are significantly shorter than the others. Reconstructed estimates are about 24 and 29 cm for the Sintashta and Jin ornaments respectively."

sintashta ornament:

"the first uses the evidence of ancient documents to show that the Zhou people, and thus the Yellow Emperor’s nation, were originally a nomadic people, and the second is to reveal that there were a large number of Indo-European words in the Zhou language, using the evidence of historical linguistics. The third is the similarity in religion between the Huang Di people and Proto-Indo-European. As to the last point, please refer to the author’s paper “Old Chinese ‘帝*tees’ and Proto-Indo-European ‘*deus’: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics” (Zhou 2005)."

" soviet scholars are convinced that the custom of depositing chariots in the graves of the shang rulers came from the west, as well as the ceremonial significance of the the chariot itself. the finds of sintashta, where the wheels are standing in furrows carefully dug into the soil of the grave-chamber(exaclty in china) as well as the conventionalized rock carvings, confirm this thesis."

 

[johen]

seima turbino shaman's flexed legs:

https://www.kaichitravel.com/attractions/kalbak-tash/
"The 7,000 years old Neolithic grave by lake Baikal might belong to one of the world’s oldest settlements."



cherokee:

yamna twin : supine-flexed burial in american indian mound
https://www.ncpedia.org/media/museum-town-creek-state-0

yamna:

​

seima turbino

^ Burial ground Sopka

Памятники сейминско-турбинского типа в Евразии

Едва ли в истории народов бронзового века северной половины Евразии удастся отыскать культурный феномен, способный сравниться по яркости, самобытности и характеру своего проявления с сейминско-турбинским.

arheologija.ru

ttps://i.imgur.com/Hu3n53p.png

 

[johen]

^

to sredny stog

from

according to Kortlandt

"If we can identify Indo-Hittite and Indo-European with the beginning and the end of the Sredny Stog culture, respectively, it will be clear that the linguistic evidence from our family does not lead us beyond Gimbutas’ secondary homeland and that the Khvalynsk culture on the middle Volga and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus cannot be identified with the Indo-Europeans. Any proposal which goes beyond the Sredny Stog culture must start from the possible affinities of Indo-European with other language families. It is usually recognized that the best candidate in this respect is the Uralic language family, while further connections with the Altaic languages and perhaps even Dravidian are possible. The hypothesis that Indo-European is genetically related to a Caucasian language family or to Afro-Asiatic seems much less probable to me. What we do have to take into account is the typological similarity of Proto-Indo-European to the North-West Caucasian languages. If this similarity can be attributed to areal factors, we may think of Indo-European as a branch of Uralo-Altaic which was transformed under the influence of a Caucasian substratum. It now appears that this view is actually supported by the archaeological evidence. If it is correct, we may locate the earliest ancestors of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European north of the Caspian Sea in the seventh millennium (cf. Mallory 1989: 192f.). This is essentially in agreement with Gimbutas’ theory. [Cf. now Kortlandt 1989.]"

 

[johen]

^
I think ancient people's burial is their identity. They did just as their ancestors did.

yamna identity:

afansievo identity:

afansievo identity even at Mongolia 1,500 km distant from afansievo altai zone

however, z2103 catacomb people at yamna zone, who follow their fathers did. Cimmerian, scythian and Sarmatian have different origins. We don't know where even Cimmerian originated in. I think this fact explains modern population genetics which tries to classify ancient people by modern tools :

- catacomb culture shaft and side chamber grave:

- ancient mexican tombs: