I will center this post on male lines since patriarchs and founding fathers are the responsible for creating nations and lead their clans during conquests. I will mention female lines too though.
Around 50-70 thousand years ago, we have 2 "clans" of tribes, defined among other charachteristics...
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1.full
I wanted to comment on this paper, it shows something that striked me.
Mal'ta site is already a very Eastern site for what you'd expect to be an ancestor of Europeans. It's in lake Baikal.
But in this study, a 31k ya skeleton from the...
Here is the distribution map of the rarest of the nine subclades of haplogroup U in Europe and the Middle East. The origins of U are still very uncertain. Almost all European U2 fits into the U2e subclade, with only a small minority of U2d. All the other subclades are usually found in South...
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