Politics Balkanian disagreements.

[ukaj]

dash [m] (tg) ‘ram, wether’
PAlb. *dam(e)ś- < QIE *d(o)mh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-(e)s-, cf. dem (AE 124)
PIE *demh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-, root *dmh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB] ‘to tame’ _?_ (Pok. 199)
OIr. dam ‘ox’; W. dafad ‘sheep’; Bret. dañvad ‘sheep’
degë [f] (tg) ‘forking, crotch (of tree); bough, branch’
PAlb. *duaiga̅ < QIE *duoi-g^heh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- (AE 125)
PIE *duoi-, root *du ‘binary, consisting of two’ _+_ (Pok. 229)
OHG zwi̅g ‘forking, crotch (of tree); bough, branch’
dej [adv] (tg) ‘after tomorrow’
PAlb. *duai-au < QIE *duoi-Hous {1} (AE 126)
PIE *duo-, root *du ‘two’ _?_ (Pok. 228)
OHG zweio ‘by, in two, in pairs’
Notes: {1} Frozen locative dual form.
dẽjë {2} [f] (g) ‘thawing snow’
PAlb. *den(i)- {1}
Alb. (i) dejmë [adj.] (t) ‘flat and arid, barren (land, country, region)’; (i) dẽjun [adj.] (g) ‘flat and arid, barren (land, country, region)’; dejet / dẽjet [verb] ‘to thaw (intr.)’ (AE 127) _?_
Skt. dhánvan- ‘desert, arid land, steppe’
Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative forms. {2} From Alb. denia̅.
dele [f sg/pl] (tg) ‘sheep, ewe’
PAlb. *deilla̅ < QIE *d^heh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]i-lieh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-
Alb. delme [f sg/pl] (tg) ‘sheep’ {1}, cf. djalë, dosë (AE 127)
PIE *d^heh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]i-, root *d^hh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](i) ‘to suck’ _+_ (Pok. 241)
Gr. θηλή ‘mother’s breast’
Lat. fi̅lia ‘daughter’ {2}
Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the suffix -m-. {2} [AL/MdV] Can be the same formation as dele.
dell [m] (tg) ‘sinew, tendon; string’
PAlb. *do̅l- < QIE *doh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-lo- (AE 128)
PIE *deh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-, root *dh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB] ‘to bind’ _?_ (Pok. 183)
dem [m] (tg) {1} ‘bull-calf; bullock’
PAlb. *dam- < QIE *d(o)mh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-(i)o-, cf. dash (AE 128)
PIE *demh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-, root *dmh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘to tame’ _+_ (Pok. 199)
OIr. dam ‘ox, bullock’
Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel from the plural stem *dami̅̆.
derë [f] (tg) ‘door’
PAlb. *duo̅ra̅ {1} (AE 138)
PIE *d^huo̅r, root *d^hur ‘door’ _+_ (Pok. 278)
Skt. dva̅́r- ‘door’
Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. a̅-stems. The plural form dy(e)r (tg) points to an analogically rebuilt dual form: Alb. *dyr < *d^hur-ih[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB].
derr {1} [m] (tg) ‘pig’
PAlb. *dair- < QIE *ǵ^hoiro-
Alb. derk [m] (tg) ‘(young) pig, piglet’ (AE 131)
PIE * _−_ (Pok. 445 {2})
Gr. χοι̃ρος ‘(young) pig, piglet’
Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄. {2} [AL/MdV] Pok. relates the Albanian and Greek words to the PIE root *ǵ^her(s)-, but the only certain forms of the verbal root are those with -s-. Since it is hard to separate the Albanian and Greek words, we assume borrowing from a "Balkan" substratum.
dimër / dimën [m] ‘winter’
PAlb. *dimVn- < QIE *ǵ^hei-mon- (AE 133)
PIE *ǵ^hei-m-, root *ǵ^hi ‘winter’ _+_ (Pok. 425)
Gr. χειμών ‘winter’
djalë [m] (tg) {1} ‘son; boy, young (animal)’
PAlb. *di(i)ali- < QIE *d^hih[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]ol-io-, cf. dele, dosë (AE 134)
PIE *d^h(e)ih[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-(o)l-, root *d^hh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](i) ‘suckling’ _?_ (Pok. 241)
Lat. fi̅lius ‘son’
Notes: {1} The plural form dje(l)m (< Alb. *diali̅) shows, apart from the umlaut of the root vowel, also an m-enlargement, which often appears in the inherited vocabulary of Alb. {2} [MdV] Alternatively, djalë may derive from *dela or *delom and the plural dje(l)mfrom *delm-. The stem *del- might be cognate with the verb dal ‘to go out’.
djath(ë) [n/m] (tg) ‘cheese’
PAlb. *deϑ (AE 135)
PIE *d^he-d^hh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB], root *d^hh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](i) ‘milk(-product)’ _+_ (Pok. 241)
Skt. dádhi- ‘curdled milk’; OPr. dadan ‘milk’
rrath [m] (g) {1} ‘wheel, circle’
PAlb. *raϑ (AE 136)
PIE *Hrot-o-, root *Hrt ‘wheel’ _+_ (Pok. 866)
Skt. rátha- ‘chariot’
Notes: {1} Plural form rrathë (tg); the singular form often appears with umlaut of the root vowel (rreth). The origin of -th is unclear.
ndjath [adv] (g) {1} ‘at/to the right’
PAlb. *deϑ
Alb. (i) djathë [adj] (tg) ‘right’; (i) djathtë [adj] (tg) ‘right’ {2} (AE 137)
PIE *deḱs(i), root *dḱ ‘at/to the right’ _+_ (Pok. 190)
Gr. δεξιτερός ‘right’
Lat. dexter ‘right’
OHG zeso ‘to the right’
Notes: {1} Alb. form with the prefix (a)n-. {2} Alb. enlargement with the suffix -të.
dje, die [adv] (tg) ‘yesterday’
PAlb. *(d)die (AE 138)
PIE *ǵ^hdies ‘yesterday’ _+_ (Pok. 416)
OIr. indé ‘yesterday’
djersë [f] (tg) ‘perspiration, sweat’
PAlb. *(ui)dert^śia̅ < QIE *suid(e)r-ti- {1}
Alb. djers [verb] (tg) ‘to sweat’ {2} (AE 139)
PIE *su(e)id-r-, root *suid ‘perspiration, sweat’ _+_ (Pok. 1043)
Gr. ἱδρώς ‘sweat, perspiration’
Notes: {1} As the basis for further denominative forms. {2} Beside 1sg. pres. dirs(em).
dorë [f] (tg) {1} ‘hand’
PAlb. *de̅ra̅ {2} (AE 140)
PIE *ǵ^hesr- ‘hand’ _+_ (Pok. 447)
Gr. χείρ ‘hand’
Notes: {1} The plural form duar / du(e)r goes back to an original dual form *ǵ^hesr-(h[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB])e. {2} Has entered the declension of the fem. a̅-stems.
dosë [f] (tg) ‘sow; mother animal’
PAlb. *de̅t^śia̅, cf. djalë, dele (AE 140)
PIE *d^heh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-tieh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB], root *d^hh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](i) ‘parent, mother animal’ _+_ (Pok. 241)
dra [m] (tg) ‘sediment, dregs; smudged butter; sweepings, dirt’
PAlb. *drag(-)
Alb. ndrag [verb] (tg) ‘to make/get filthy, dirty’ {1} (AE 141)
PIE *d^hrog^h- {2} ‘sediment, dregs’ (Pok. 251)
Lat. frace̅s ‘oil dregs’
ON dregg ‘dregs’
Notes: {1} Alb. form with the prefix (a)n-. {2} [AL/MdV] The IE date of this family is uncertain.
dre / drẽ [m] {1} ‘stag, deer’
PAlb. * ̊ran-
Alb. drãng [m] (g) ‘young animal’ (AE 142)
PIE *urh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]n- ‘lamb’ _?_ (Pok. 1170)
Gr. (Hes.) ἀράνης ^. ἔλαφος
Notes: {1} Prefixed form with the Alb. prefix d(V)-; drẽ from the plural stem drani̅̆. {2} [MdV] Whether d(V)- really was an existing prefix is doubted by Demiraj, AE 143.
dredhë {1} [f] (tg) ‘strawberry’
PAlb. *draδ- (AE 144) _−_ {2}
Lat. fra̅gum ‘strawberry’
Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel after the plural stem Alb. draδi̅̆. {2} An old Wanderwort.
drekë [f] (tg) ‘lunch, meal; midday, noon’
PAlb. *drika̅ < QIE *dr̥k^w-eh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB], cf. dars, darkë (AE 144) _−_ {1} (Pok. 210)
Gr. δόρπον ‘supper, dinner; evening’
Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The distribution (Greek and Albanian) strongly suggests borrowing.
dritë [f] (tg) {1} ‘light, brightness; beam, ray’
PAlb. *drikt- < QIE *dr̥ḱ-t(o)-
Alb. ndrit [verb 3sp] (tg) ‘lights, shines, glists’ (AE 145)
PIE *derḱ-, root *drḱ- ‘to look; appear’ _+_ (Pok. 213)
Skt. dr̥ṣṭá- ‘appeared’
Notes: {1} Has entered the declension of the fem. -a̅-stems. Usually, a singulare tantum.
drithë [f pl] (tg) ‘cereals; wheat’
PAlb. *driϑ- < QIE *ǵ^hr(i)sd^(h)- (AE 145) ‘(kind of) cereals; barley’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 446)
Gr. κριθή ‘barley’
OHG gersta ‘barley’
Notes: {1} Probably an old Wanderwort.
drizë [f] (tg) {1} ‘thorn(-bush), Christ’s thorn’
PAlb. *dri-(d^źia̅) (AE 146) _?_
Gr. δρίος ‘thicket, brake; bush’
Notes: {1} Collective with the suffix -zë.
dru / drũ [m] ‘wood; tree; stem, trunk’
PAlb. *dru- {1}
Alb. drỹ [m] (g) ‘lock, door-bolt (of wood)’ {2} (AE 146)
PIE *d(o)ru, root *dr ‘wood’ _+_ (Pok. 214)
Gr. δρυ̃ς ‘tree, oak’
Skt. da̅́ru- ‘wood’
Notes: {1} An analogical -n-stem. {2} PAlb. dru-(i)io-.
dua [m] (t) {1} ‘sheaf’
PAlb. *de̅ma
Alb. duaj / du(e)j [m pl] ‘sheaf’ {2} (AE 149)
PIE *deh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-mn, root *dh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB] ‘band’ _+_ (Pok. 183)
Gr. -δημα ‘band’
Skt. da̅́man- ‘band’
Notes: {1} From a preform *do^N < PAlb. *de̅m(-). {2} With added -j.
dushk [m] (tg) ‘kind of bush, shrub’
PAlb. *duś-k- (AE 150) _?_ (Pok. 178)
Lat. dūmus ‘scrub’
OIr. doss ‘bush’
dy {1} [num m] (tg); dy {2} [num f/n] (tg) ‘two’
PAlb. *duuai < QIE *duuo-ih[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB] (AE 151)
PIE *duo-, root *du ‘two’ _+_ (Pok. 228)
Skt. dvé ‘two’ [f/n]
Notes: {1} From a preform Alb. *dui̅̆. {2} [dy:], under the influence of tri [tri:] ‘three’ [f/n].
dyllë [m] (tg) ‘wax, resin’
PAlb. *dūl- < QIE *ǵ^huslo-
Alb. dëllinjë [f] (tg) ‘juniper’ (AE 152) _−_ {1} (Pok. 448)
Gr. χῡλός ‘juice’
Notes: {1} [AL/MdV] The IE date of this word is very uncertain.
dhall(ë) [f/m/n] (tg) {1} ‘butter-milk’
PAlb. *δal- {2} (AE 153) _−_ (Pok. 400)
Gr. γάλα ‘milk’
Rom. zară ‘butter-milk’
Notes: {1} Singulare tantum. {2} PAlb. *δ points to QIE *ǵ-. {3} [MdV] Latin lac, lactis and Greek γάλα ‘milk’ point to *ǵ̣̣l-, but this would not yield Alb. dh-; therefore, the word for ‘milk’ may be a borrowing of an unknown language with the forms *ǵal-, *ǵl-.
dhe {1} [m] (tg) ‘earth, ground’
PAlb. *(d)δo̅m {2} < QIE *ǵ^hd^ho̅m (AE 155)
PIE *d^hǵ^hem-, root *d^hǵ^h ‘earth, ground’ _+_ (Pok. 414)
Gr. χθών ‘earth, ground’
Notes: {1} From *δe^N. {2} [MdV] The absence of diphthongization in *δēm in front of a word-final nasal would be surprising; hence the PAlb. form may already have been *δō.
dhelpë [f] (g) ‘fox’
PAlb. *δeli-(pə)
Alb. dhelpër / dhelpën [f] ‘fox’ {1} (AE 156) _?_ (Pok. 367)
Gr. γαλεή ‘weasel, marten’
Notes: {1} Alb. formation with the suffix (ë)rë / -(ë)në < *-e/ono-. A contamination with the PIE word for ‘fox’ is conceivable.
dhen [f pl] (t) {1} ‘(herd of) small cattle’
PAlb. *δent-
Alb. dhẽn(d) [f pl] (g) ‘(herd of) small cattle’ (AE 157)
PIE *ǵenh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-ti-, root *ǵnh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB] ‘family, clan; race’ _+_ (Pok. 373)
Lat. ge̅ns ‘race, nation, people; crowd’
Notes: {1} Occurs only as a collective name for small cattle.
dhëmb / dhãm(b) [m] ‘tooth’
PAlb. *δamb- (AE 158)
PIE *ǵomb^h-o-s, root *ǵmb^h ‘tooth’ _+_ (Pok. 369)
Gr. γόμφος ‘tooth’
dhëndërr / dhãn(d)ërr [m] {1} ‘son-in-law, bridegroom’
PAlb. *δaNta̅r < QIE *ǵVm(H)-te̅r (AE 159)
PIE *ǵemH-, root *ǵmH- ‘to marry’ _+_ (Pok. 369)
Skt. ja̅́ma̅tar- ‘son-in-law’
Notes: {1} With expressive hard -r̄.
edh [m] (tg) ‘kid’
PAlb. *aiδ- < QIE *(H)aiǵ-
Alb. dhi [f] (tg) ‘(she-)goat’ {1}; (i) dhirë / (i) dhinë [adj] ‘goat’s (milk, wool, skin)’ {2} (AE 160) _−_ {3} (Pok. 13)
Gr. αἴξ ‘(she-)goat’
Arm. ayc ‘(she-)goat’
Notes: {1} From PAlb. *aiδ-í(i)a̅. {2} Alb. formation with the suffix -(ë)në/-(ë)rë < *-e/ono-. {3} Probably, an ancient Wanderwort.
dhjamë [m/n] (tg) ‘fat’
PAlb. *δem(-) (AE 161) _−_ (Pok. 175)
Gr. δημός ‘fat’
Rom. zeamă ‘juice; sauce’
fjalë [f] (tg) ‘word’
PAlb. *feln- < QIE *spel(H)-en-eh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB] (AE 134)
PIE *spel(H)- ‘to speak’ (Pok. 985)
Arm. ar̄a-spel ‘fable, proverb’
OHG spel ‘speech’
dhjetë {1} [num] (tg) ‘ten’
PAlb. *(-)dek(a)t-
Alb. (i) dhjetë [num ord] (tg) ‘tenth’; njëmbëdhjetë [num] (tg) ‘eleven’; tridhjetë [num] (tg) ‘thirty’ (AE 162)
PIE *deḱmt- ‘ten’ (Pok. 191)
Lith. dẽšimt ‘ten’; OCS desętь ‘ten’
Notes: {1} The fricative in anlaut has arisen in composition. The final -ë is due to levelling with the decad compounds and with their respective ordinals.
dhurë / dhunë [f] {1} ‘injury, blemish, violence’
PAlb. *(e)δuna̅ (AE 163)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](e)dun-eh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB] ‘pain, smart?’
Gr. ὀδύνη ‘pain, smart, harm’
Notes: {1} Occurs beside dhunë with retention of the rhotacism of the intervocalic nasal.
elb {2} [m] (tg) ‘barley(corn)’
PAlb. *albi- (AE 164)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB](o)lb^hi- ‘kind of cereal, barley’ _ _{1} (Pok. 29)
Gr. ἄλφι ‘barley flour; pot-barley’
Notes: {1} Possibly, non-IE. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel caused by -i- in the following syllable.
emër / emën [m] ‘name’
PAlb. *enmen- (AE 165)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]n(h[SUB][SIZE=-2]3[/SIZE][/SUB])men- ‘name’ (Pok. 321)
OCS imę ‘name’; OPr. emnes ‘name’; OIr. ainm ‘name’
Notes: {1} [MdV] The vowel e- is difficult to account for when we start from the PIE preform. It cannot be excluded that emër was borrowed from Latin ōmen, -inis.
end(ë) / ẽnd(ë) [m/f] {2} ‘blooming; bloom, pollen’
PAlb. *and- {1}
Alb. end / ẽnd [verb] ‘to bloom’ (AE 166)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]nd^h-o- ‘sprout, germ?’ (Pok. 40)
Gr. ἄνθος ‘sprout, flower’
Notes: {1} As a nominal basis for further Alb. forms. {2} With umlaut of the root vowel from pl. Alb. andi̅̆.
(i) epër [adj] (tg) ‘higher, upper’
PAlb. *apir- < QIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]opi-ro-
Alb. (i) sipërm [adj] (tg) ‘above’; tepër [adv] (tg) ‘more, very’ (AE 167)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB](o/e)pi- ‘on, upon’ (Pok. 323)
Gr. ὄπιθε(ν) ‘behind’
(h)ethe [fnp] (tg) ‘fever’
PAlb. *haiδ/ϑ
Alb. (h)eth [verb] (tg) ‘to stimulate mating’ (AE 168)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]eid^h-o- ‘burning, fire’ _?_ (Pok. 11)
Gr. αἶθος ‘burning, fire’
Skt. édha(s)- ‘firewood’
(i) ëmbël / (i) ãm(b)ël [adj] {1} ‘sweet, mild’
PAlb. * ̊m(e)lit- < QIE *m(e)lit-
Alb. tãm(b)ël [m] (g) ‘milk’ (AE 169)
PIE *meli-t(-) ‘honey’ _?_ (Pok. 723)
Ir. milis ‘sweet, mild’; W melys ‘sweet, mild’
Notes: {1} From a prefixed Alb. *ambëlt < *an-blit. {2} [MdV] Demiraj AE 168 suggests an intensive prefix *(e)n-/(a)n-; alternatively, one might prefer the prefix *en- ‘in’: *en-mlit- ‘which has honey (in it)’ .
ëmë / ãmë [f] ‘mother’
PAlb. *am(m)a̅̆ (AE 175)
PIE *(H)am(m)a(H) ‘mother’ _?_ {1} (Pok. 36)
OHG amma ‘mother, nurse’
Notes: {1} Nursery word.
ëndë / ãn(d)ë [f] ‘desire, inclination, pleasure’
PAlb. *anTa̅ < QIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB](o)nh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-teh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- (AE 170)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB](o)nh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘breath’ (Pok. 38)
Gr. (Hes.) ἀντάς ^. πνοάς
ON andi ‘spirit, soul’
ëndërr / ãn(d)ërr [f] {1} ‘dream’
PAlb. * ̊dra̅ < QIE *dreH- {2} (AE 171)
PIE *dreH- ‘sleep, to sleep’ (Pok. 226)
Skt. nidra̅́- ‘slumber, snooze, sleepiness’
Notes: {1} Prefixed with Alb. *(a)n- (< *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]en-). {2} The reconstruction is not entirely certain. Under the assumption of epenthetic -d- (within -nr-), ëndërr may be connected with Arm. anowrj, Gr. ὀναρ, which have the same meaning: possibly PAlb. anra̅ < *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]ṇr-? [3} [MdV] Rather *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]3[/SIZE][/SUB]nr-.
flugë [f] (g) ‘shingle’
PAlb. *śpl(e)u-g^(h)a̅ {1}
Alb. flegë [f] (tg) ‘splinter, chip’; flegër [f] (tg) ‘wing (of the nose), wooden plate’ (AE 172)
PIE *(s)pel-eu-, s-b^hel-eu- ‘to split’ _?_ (Pok. 985)
Notes: {1} With Alb. suffix -g(ë).
gardh [m] (tg) ‘hedge, fence’
PAlb. *garδ- (AE 175)
PIE *g^hord^h-o- ‘hedge, fence’ (Pok. 444)
Lith. gar̃das ‘fold, pen’; OIc. garðr ‘hedge, fence, court’
ditë {1} [f] (tg) ‘day’
PAlb. *di̅t- < QIE *dih[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-t(i)- (AE 176)
PIE *deih[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘to lighten, shine’ (Pok. 183)
OCS dьnь ‘day’
Notes: {1} Pl. dit from PAlb. *di̅ti̅̆.
gisht [m] (tg) ‘finger’
PAlb. *g(u)Víś(t)- (AE 178)
PIE *guV-ís-(t-) ‘finger?’ _?_ (Pok. 481)
W. bys ‘finger’; OCorn. bis ‘finger’
gogël [f] (tg) ‘acorn; small and round object’
PAlb. *ga̅gul < QIE *g^we(l)h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-g^wl̥h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB] {1} (AE 179)
PIE *g^welh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘oak?, acorn’ (Pok. 419)
Lith. gìlė ‘acorn’
Notes: {1} Basic form with broken reduplication.
grua {1} [f] (tg) ‘woman’
PAlb. *gra̅̆u- < QIE *ǵreh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]u- (AE 180)
PIE *ǵerh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘?’ (Pok. 390)
Gr. γραυ̃ς ‘old woman’
Notes: {1} From Alb. *grou-.
gur [m] (tg) ‘stone, rock’
PAlb. *gur(i)-
Alb. ngrij [verb] (tg) ‘to freeze, curdle; to turn cold’ {1} (AE 181)
PIE *g^wrH-i- ‘mountain, rock, stone’ (Pok. 477)
Skt. girí- ‘mountain’
Notes: {1} From PAlb. *guri-(ni-).
gjak [m] (tg) ‘blood’
PAlb. *śak- < QIE *sok^w-o- (AE 181)
PIE *s(u)ok^w-o- ‘sap’ (Pok. 1044)
Gr. ὀπός ‘sap’
Lith. sakaĩ ‘sap, juice’
gjalpë [n/m] (tg) ‘butter’
PAlb. *śelp- (AE 182)
PIE *selp- ‘butter’ (Pok. 901)
Gr. (Hes.) ἔλπος ^. ἔλαιον
Skt. sarpís ‘butter’
gjallë [adj, adv] (tg) ‘alive, living’
PAlb. *śal(u)-
Alb. ngjall [verb] (tg) ‘to heal, revive’ (AE 182)
PIE *soluo- ‘safe and sound, unhurt, whole’ (Pok. 979)
Skt. sárva- ‘unhurt, whole’
gjarpër / gjarpën [m] ‘snake, serpent’
PAlb. *śerpVn- < QIE *serp-e/ono- (AE 183)
PIE *serp- ‘to creep’ (Pok. 912)
Lat. serpe̅ns ‘snake, serpent’
gjashtë {1} [num] (tg) ‘six’
PAlb. *śe(K)ś-ta̅ < QIE *seḱs-(to-)
Alb. (i) gjashtë [num ord] (tg) ‘sixth’ (AE 184)
PIE *s(u)eḱs ‘six’ (Pok. 1044)
OCS šestь ‘six’; OCS šestъ ‘sixth’
Notes: {1} With final syllable -të by analogical levelling with the corresponding ordinal.
(i) gjatë [adj] (tg) ‘long’
PAlb. *glag(V)-ta̅ {1} (AE 185)
PIE *dlh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]g^ho- ‘long’ (Pok. 197)
Skt. di̅rghá- ‘long’
Notes: {1} Alb. enlargement with the adjectival suffix -to-.
glep [m] (t); gjep [m] (tg) ‘sting, nettle’
PAlb. *glo̅p- < QIE *gloH-(p-)
Alb. glëmp (t), gjemb (tg) [m] ‘sting, *****le’ (AE 186)
PIE *g^wel(H)- ‘to *****’ (Pok. 470)
Lith. geluõ ‘sting’; geluonìs ‘sting’
Notes: {1} With -m- added after thumb ‘*****le’.
gath [m] (g) ‘catkins’
PAlb. *guaϑ-
Alb. gjethe [fnp] (tg) ‘foliage’ {1}; gjeth(e) [f/m] (tg) ‘leaf’ {2} (AE 187)
PIE *guos-do- ‘boughs, foliage’ (Pok. 480)
OHG questa ‘bunch of leaves’; OSr. gvozd ‘forest’
Notes: {1} From the plural stem, where the umlaut of the root vowel has arisen. {2} Singularized plural form.
gjithë [pronindef] (tg) ‘each; whole, all, full’
PAlb. *śi̅ϑ- < QIE *sih[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-ḱo- {1} (AE 188)
PIE *sih[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘one?’
Gr. ἴα ‘one’; ἰός ‘one and the same’
Notes: {1} An Alb. formation.
gjỹmës {1} [adj] (g); gjysmë {2} [adj] {3} (tg) ‘half’
PAlb. *śa̅mi-(ti-)
PIE *se̅mi- ‘half’ (Pok. 905)
Lat. se̅m(i)- ‘half’
Notes: {1} From Alb. *ȥ̌umis < *ȥ̌omiti-. {2} With metathesis in inlaut.
gjizë [f {2}] (tg) ‘whey-cheese, curds and whey; curdled milk’
PAlb. *śiN-d^źia̅ {1} < QIE *s(e)iN- (AE 189)
PIE *sei-N- ‘to drop, drip, dribble, flow’ (Pok. 889)
OHG seim ‘Honigseim’; W. hufen ‘cream’
Notes: {1} Collective Alb. formation. {2} Singulare tantum.
gjollë [f] (tg) ‘Salzlecke’
PAlb. *śa̅la̅ (AE 190)
PIE *seh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]l- ‘salt’ (Pok. 878)
Lat. sa̅l ‘salt’
gju / gjũ [m] ‘knee’
PAlb. *glun- {1} < QIE *ǵnu-n(o)- (AE 190)
PIE *ǵ(o)nu- ‘knee’ (Pok. 380)
OIr. glún ‘knee’; Go. kniu ‘knee’
Notes: {1} With dissimilation of the first -n-.
gjumë [m] (tg) ‘sleep’
PAlb. *śubn- (AE 192)
PIE *sup-no- ‘sleep’ (Pok. 1048)
Gr. ὕπνος ‘sleep’
gjysh [m] (tg) ‘grandfather’
PAlb. *śūśi- (AE 192)
PIE *suH-s-(i)o- ‘begetter’ _?_ (Pok. 913)
Skt. sūṣa̅́ ‘who gives birth’; Skt. sūṣán- ‘god of bearing’
halë [f] (tg) ‘awn, beard; nettle-leaf; fish-bone’
PAlb. *halia̅ < QIE *s-Kol(H)-ieh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB] {1} (AE 193)
PIE *s-Kol(H)- ‘to cut, snip; *****’ (Pok. 923)
W. col(a) ‘point, awn, beard’
Notes: {1} Phonetically, s-Kol(H)g^(h)- is also possible.
hardhëlë [f] (t) ‘lizard, lacerta agilis’
PAlb. *harδ-(Vl-)
Alb. hardhëjë [f] (t) ‘lizard, gecko’; hardhje [f] (g) ‘lizard, gecko’ {1} (AE 194)
PIE *sKord-(Vlo-) _−_ (Pok. 934)
Gr. (σ)κορδύλος ‘newt, Triton palustris’
Notes: {1} The original word formation is not entirely clear.
(h)ardhi {2} [f] (tg) ‘vine-branch, grape-vine, shot of a vine’
PAlb. *harδ- {1} (AE 195)
PIE *HorT- ‘vine-branch, grape-vine, shot of a vine’ (Pok. 782)
Arm. ort‘ ‘grape-vine’
Notes: {1} Considering the anlaut, a reconstruction h[SUB][SIZE=-2]3[/SIZE][/SUB]erT- is very attractive. {2} Alb. enlargement with the collective suffix -í.
helm {1} [m] (tg) ‘poison’
PAlb. *hal(i)m- < QIE *sKol(i)mo- (AE 198)
PIE *sKel- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 923)
OHG scalmo ‘plague, pestilence’
Notes: {1} With umlaut of the root vowel.
hell [m] (tg) ‘spit; icicle {1}’
PAlb. *ho̅l- < QIE *sKo̅l- (AE 199)
PIE *sKel- ‘to cut (off)’ (Pok. 923)
Gr. σκω̃λος ‘arrow, sharp pole’
Notes: {1} Pl. hej(e) from Alb. heli̅̆.
herdhe {3} [fnp] (tg) {4} ‘testicles’
PAlb. *harδi̅ {2} (AE 199)
PIE *Herǵ^h- {1} ‘testicle’ (Pok. 782)
Gr. ὀρχεις ‘testicles’
Av. ərəzi ‘testicle’
Notes: {1} *H[SUB][SIZE=-2]2-3[/SIZE][/SUB]erǵ^h-. {2} Original dual *H[SUB][SIZE=-2]2-3[/SIZE][/SUB]erǵ^h-ih[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]. {3} With umlaut of the root vowel. {4} Plurale tantum.
hënë / hãnë [f] ‘moon’
PAlb. *hand-na̅ < QIE *sK[SUB][SIZE=-2](ə)[/SIZE][/SUB]nd-(neh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]) (AE 199)
PIE *(s)Kend- ‘to lighten, glitter, glisten’ _?_ (Pok. 526)
Skt. (ś)candrá- ‘brilliant’; MBret. cann ‘full moon’
hidh [m] (g) ‘nettle’
PAlb. *hiδ- {1} < QIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]id^h-
Alb. (i) (h)idhët [adj] (tg) ‘bitter’ {2} (AE 200)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]eid^h- ‘to burn?’ (Pok. 12)
Gr. αἴθω ‘to burn’
Lith. aitrùs ‘bitter’
Notes: {1} Nominal basis for further denominative forms. {2} Alb. form with the adjectival suffix -(ë)t(ë).
hie [f] (tg) ‘shade, shadow’
PAlb. *hi(i)a̅ {1} (AE 201)
PIE *sḱeh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-ieh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]- ‘shade, shadow’ (Pok. 917)
Gr. σκιά shade, shadow
ToB skio ‘shade, shadow’
Notes: {1} From the PIE gen.sg. sḱh[SUB][SIZE=-2]1[/SIZE][/SUB]-ieh[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]-s.
hir [m] (tg) ‘grace, blessing, goodwill {2}’
PAlb. *hi̅r- {1} (AE 201) ‘?’ _?_ (Pok. 917)
Gr. ἱερός ‘holy’ {3}
Osc. aisusis ‘sacrifiis’
Notes: {1} From His-ro- (?), if not a Gr. loanword. {2} Occurs only in the Christian church language. {3} Aeol. ἷρος.
hirrë {1} [f] (tg) ‘whey; serum’
PAlb. *hi̅ra̅ < QIE *sḱiH-ro- (AE 202) ‘to dim, shimmer?’ (Pok. 917)
OIc. skírr ‘clean, clear’
Notes: {1} With ‘hardening’ of the inlaut.
(i) hollë {1} [adj] (tg) ‘thin, slender’
PAlb. *ha̅̆ul-
Alb. huall [m] (tg) ‘honeycomb’ {2}; holli [f] (tg) ‘oblong, hollow’ {3} (AE 203)
PIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]eu-lo- ‘hollow’ (Pok. 88)
Gr. αὐλός ‘oblong, hollow’
ON (huann-)jóli ‘hollow stalk, stem’
Notes: {1} From an Alb. nominal base hoɫ-. {2} Pl. hoj(e) from Alb. hoɫⁱ. {3} With -í-enlargement.
(i) (h)uoj [adj] (g) {3}; (i) huaj / (i) (h)u(e)j [adj] {2} ‘foreign, strange’
PAlb. *hau- < QIE *h[SUB][SIZE=-2]2[/SIZE][/SUB]eu-os {1} (A

 

[Ike]

http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/austrian-scholars-leave-albania-lost-for-words

Matzinger points put that when the few surviving fragments of Illyrian and Albanian are compared, they have almost nothing in common.
“The two are opposites and cannot fit together,” he says. “Albanian is not as the same as Illyrian from a linguistic point of view.”
Schumacher and Matzinger believe Albanian came into existence separately from Illyrian, orginating from the Indo-European family tree during the second millennium BC, somewhere in the northern Balkans.

 

[ukaj]

http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/austrian-scholars-leave-albania-lost-for-words

Matzinger points put that when the few surviving fragments of Illyrian and Albanian are compared, they have almost nothing in common.
“The two are opposites and cannot fit together,” he says. “Albanian is not as the same as Illyrian from a linguistic point of view.”
Schumacher and Matzinger believe Albanian came into existence separately from Illyrian, orginating from the Indo-European family tree during the second millennium BC, somewhere in the northern Balkans.

Maybe but you should read this https://genetiker.wordpress.com/2015/09/01/more-y-snp-calls-from-iron-and-bronze-age-bulgaria/ then read this http://dienekes.blogspot.ca/2010/03/y-chromosomes-of-albanian-populations.html for me it doesnt matter who albanians are without a doubt we are immediate ancestors are Mesolithic Balkanic as you can see from above links.Next research will be in italia for Mesolithic people im guessing it will be eb1b if it is then alot is going to change in the things we learnt through history

 

[Taranis]

You need to understand the basic tosk an gheg bro.Gheg was without doubt the first of albanian dilects.Pie in both is very large but their is alot in gheg that tosk lack.The split did happen early but their were also migrations from gheg populations to epirus an greece..Scanderbeg felt close to epiruts an he was gheg albanian.You see question when albania tosks were leaders in the goverment how many gheg albanians are now speaking tosk?do you forget gheg was banned by the goverment..everything about gheg is older than tosk.srry just facts,enjoy.

Gheg is the more conservative of the two dialects, most notably the sound shift *n > *r is absent from it. However, in my opinion, the difference between Tosk and Gheg did not arise until some time in the middle ages. For certain, Latin loanwords (Vinum > verë) are subject to the change.

The problem with "Illyrian" is that it is a mainly a geographic term, and the plethora of Illyrian tribes are lumped together regardless of their ethnicity or language. In my opinion, Liburnian in particular is unsuitable as a candidate for the ancestor of Albanian, since it was a Centum language that shows similarities with the Italic languages (especially the rendering of PIE *bh-, *dh-, *gh- respectively to *f-, *f-, *h-). Instead, Albanian is a Satem language, which amongst the Paleo-Balkan languages certainly applied to both Dacian and Thracian. The realization of the old palatovelars is a remarkable one, however, in so far as that *ǵ and *ǵh are reflected as either *ð or *d. In my opinion these arose from earlier *z. Complementary to that you have PIE *ḱ and PIE *s reflected as *θ (compare Latin "sus" and English "sow" versus Albanian "thi"), which to me suggests that you have a wholesale fronting of sibilants occuring in Albanian at one point.

 

[Piro Ilir]

http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/austrian-scholars-leave-albania-lost-for-words

Matzinger points put that when the few surviving fragments of Illyrian and Albanian are compared, they have almost nothing in common.
“The two are opposites and cannot fit together,” he says. “Albanian is not as the same as Illyrian from a linguistic point of view.”
Schumacher and Matzinger believe Albanian came into existence separately from Illyrian, orginating from the Indo-European family tree during the second millennium BC, somewhere in the northern Balkans.

Yes, according to you, Albanians landed there with helicopters. [emoji57] .

We had in Balkans: tracian, dacian, paeonian, hellenic and yllirian. Phonetic rules are against the continuity between tracian and dacian into Albanian. Albanian language is more close to illyrian. Paeonian was extinct before the Roman invasion.

 

[Piro Ilir]

You need to understand the basic tosk an gheg bro.Gheg was without doubt the first of albanian dilects.Pie in both is very large but their is alot in gheg that tosk lack.The split did happen early but their were also migrations from gheg populations to epirus an greece..Scanderbeg felt close to epiruts an he was gheg albanian.You see question when albania tosks were leaders in the goverment how many gheg albanians are now speaking tosk?do you forget gheg was banned by the goverment..everything about gheg is older than tosk.srry just facts,enjoy.

The arvanit peasants of south Greece spoke a dialect which was tosk. The dialect is more close to the cham subgroup of tosk. Read in Britannica. They said that the split is more than 1000 years old. The split preceded the Slavic invasion. The borderline is ancient CIA egnatia. The Albanians of struga, oher and manastir (bitola) located in republic of Macedonia are tosk Albanians. These areas are further south via egnatia. This means that Albanians were divided in tosks and ghegs during the Roman empire. It's simple, just open the maps. You can't find there even a single area inhabited by ghegs further south via egnatia, and vice versa. Via egnatia was the gap between ghegs and tosks

 

[ukaj]

Gheg is the more conservative of the two dialects, most notably the sound shift *n > *r is absent from it. However, in my opinion, the difference between Tosk and Gheg did not arise until some time in the middle ages. For certain, Latin loanwords (Vinum > verë) are subject to the change.

The problem with "Illyrian" is that it is a mainly a geographic term, and the plethora of Illyrian tribes are lumped together regardless of their ethnicity or language. In my opinion, Liburnian in particular is unsuitable as a candidate for the ancestor of Albanian, since it was a Centum language that shows similarities with the Italic languages (especially the rendering of PIE *bh-, *dh-, *gh- respectively to *f-, *f-, *h-). Instead, Albanian is a Satem language, which amongst the Paleo-Balkan languages certainly applied to both Dacian and Thracian. The realization of the old palatovelars is a remarkable one, however, in so far as that *ǵ and *ǵh are reflected as either *ð or *d. In my opinion these arose from earlier *z. Complementary to that you have PIE *ḱ and PIE *s reflected as *θ (compare Latin "sus" and English "sow" versus Albanian "thi"), which to me suggests that you have a wholesale fronting of sibilants occuring in Albanian at one point.

I dont belive albanians are illyrians i am more on the lines of thraco-illyrian,Their is many nasal vowels that has been kept rather than tosk.sound shift *n > *r is absent from it.N is proto albanian it didnt split in gheg n remained n,Anyway i dont post this to devide no way.I thik gheg albanian neeeds to be studies more..But without doubt latin in albanian language was adopted long time ago..As for italic yes it proto albanians was nearly romance language but stopped at one point in time,

 

[Ike]

Take this subject back to where it belongs: http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/26201-Who-were-and-are-the-Albanians-and-their-DNA/page9

 

[ukaj]

The arvanit peasants of south Greece spoke a dialect which was tosk. The dialect is more close to the cham subgroup of tosk. Read in Britannica. They said that the split is more than 1000 years old. The split preceded the Slavic invasion. The borderline is ancient CIA egnatia. The Albanians of struga, oher and manastir (bitola) located in republic of Macedonia are tosk Albanians. These areas are further south via egnatia. This means that Albanians were divided in tosks and ghegs during the Roman empire. It's simple, just open the maps. You can't find there even a single area inhabited by ghegs further south via egnatia, and vice versa. Via egnatia was the gap between ghegs and tosks

So what happen to all the ghegs from shkodra when they migrated to greece?I can move to greece an speak gheg an within 600yrs i garantee i will be speaking arvantika.This is the issue with albanian people.It doesnt matter who is more close i share words with arbanties that tosk does not an in the oldest form of albanian.But problem is over time ghegs were assmimulated into the arbantie population remember their were i think 3 migration of albanians to greece 12 to 13ctry an this migration was from the area of shkodra i dont have to tell you who the albanians of shkodra are,I know albanians weree devided early.BUT you have to understand their were a mass migration of geg also.Do you think all arbreshe were tosk and are tosk? since they are branch of tosk also? this is what im saying..The abreshe migrated southwards in to morea an arta an many did not want to leave to go to italia so they remained most of the abreshe were catholic albanians from also mat shkodra thethi.mirdita,shoshi.kelmendi,hot,etc.600 years of speaking with none gegs an with southern dilect will assimulate are language.As i said my friend,old albanian dilect was nearly a romance language but it stopped an shifted.This explains the old latin in gheg we share with romanians.Albanian dilect shifted in when the slavs came yes i agree.But it also shifted in medievil times when albanians adopted greek alphabet latin was already strongly infused long time before albanian tosk an gheg split.an as for Struge i dont know where you get that from but they speak gheg i think below are tosk.dibra also gheg,

 

[ukaj]

The arvanit peasants of south Greece spoke a dialect which was tosk. The dialect is more close to the cham subgroup of tosk. Read in Britannica. They said that the split is more than 1000 years old. The split preceded the Slavic invasion. The borderline is ancient CIA egnatia. The Albanians of struga, oher and manastir (bitola) located in republic of Macedonia are tosk Albanians. These areas are further south via egnatia. This means that Albanians were divided in tosks and ghegs during the Roman empire. It's simple, just open the maps. You can't find there even a single area inhabited by ghegs further south via egnatia, and vice versa. Via egnatia was the gap between ghegs and tosks

OH one last thing 90% of albanians in macedona are gheg vlla You should know this,And as for i cant find ghegs down south then this will help you http://dienekes.blogspot.ca/2010/03/y-chromosomes-of-albanian-populations.html This will explain why eb1 is so high in greece.Macedonia is very high in eb1.eb1 is higher in gheg than of tosk,
Next you going to tell me castriota was tosk.

 

[ukaj]

We have only recently written records from Albanian language.(1450). Linguists arguing that the split between tosk and gheg dialect happened before the Slavic migration. According to this, we conclude that tosk is too old, much more old than the 13 century ad.

There were many gheg tribes who settled further south via egnatia during middle ages, but they were all assimilated by the tosks.

Can you show me these written tosk.Bellifortis manuscript, gheg latin,date1402.meshari 1555 also geg.where is tosk bro...

 

[LABERIA]

@ Piro.




Not everyone who holds an Albanian flag in a forum, is necessarily an Albanian.

 

[ukaj]

@ Piro.




Not everyone who holds an Albanian flag in a forum, is necessarily an Albanian.

Im guessing you are meaning me.I am very much albanian my name is ulq dem does this sound albanian?Im from shkodra near thethi.As you can see my name is only albanian not influeced from turks etc.both first an last name comes from proto albanians.Not all albanians agree with theory of who we are.. And im one of them because i dont agree on certain things of other albanians doesnt mean im not albanian.i give you my besa im shqipe.anyway

 

[Sile]

BTW for all you Albanians ............congratulations of qualifying for the European football finals next year ...............its good to see someone new in the finals

 

[LeBrok]

Im guessing you are meaning me.I am very much albanian my name is ulq dem does this sound albanian?Im from shkodra near thethi.As you can see my name is only albanian not influeced from turks etc.both first an last name comes from proto albanians.Not all albanians agree with theory of who we are.. And im one of them because i dont agree on certain things of other albanians doesnt mean im not albanian.i give you my besa im shqipe.anyway

ukaj, please put map of your location on, which is Australia in your case. As per Eupedia rules. You can write in your ethnicity Albanian, if you desire.

 

[ukaj]

ukaj, please put map of your location on, which is Australia in your case. As per Eupedia rules. You can write in your ethnicity Albanian, if you desire.

Yes i am in australia An will be hear for another 6 more years.I will put location on but refuse to put australia flag on if this ok

 

[Piro Ilir]

So what happen to all the ghegs from shkodra when they migrated to greece?I can move to greece an speak gheg an within 600yrs i garantee i will be speaking arvantika.This is the issue with albanian people.It doesnt matter who is more close i share words with arbanties that tosk does not an in the oldest form of albanian.But problem is over time ghegs were assmimulated into the arbantie population remember their were i think 3 migration of albanians to greece 12 to 13ctry an this migration was from the area of shkodra i dont have to tell you who the albanians of shkodra are,I know albanians weree devided early.BUT you have to understand their were a mass migration of geg also.Do you think all arbreshe were tosk and are tosk? since they are branch of tosk also? this is what im saying..The abreshe migrated southwards in to morea an arta an many did not want to leave to go to italia so they remained most of the abreshe were catholic albanians from also mat shkodra thethi.mirdita,shoshi.kelmendi,hot,etc.600 years of speaking with none gegs an with southern dilect will assimulate are language.As i said my friend,old albanian dilect was nearly a romance language but it stopped an shifted.This explains the old latin in gheg we share with romanians.Albanian dilect shifted in when the slavs came yes i agree.But it also shifted in medievil times when albanians adopted greek alphabet latin was already strongly infused long time before albanian tosk an gheg split.an as for Struge i dont know where you get that from but they speak gheg i think below are tosk.dibra also gheg,

Again: Albanians of struga, ohrid and manastir (bitola) speaks tosk dialect. These areas are further south via egnatia. Check if you don't believe me. That area was always tosk, since the ancient times.

The arberesh of Italy are migrants of south Greece, who migrated there altogether with the Greeks onward the ottoman invasion. Their dialect is clearly tosk. The arvanites speaks tosk, but that dialect is more close to the cham-tosk dialect, not to the other subgroups of the tosk. Some gheg tribes migrated whether throughout epirus and mainland Greece, but that's all. Indeed they have been assimilated by the rest of populace. Linguistically is proven as far as I know, that the split is too old. I'm just asking you: why everything further north via egnatia is gheg! Don't forget, that during the Roman empire it was a gap. That imperial road was protected strictly by the legionares. I am not denying that ghegs migrated further south, instead I am saying that there was always a migration from North into south since the ancient times, but this migration didn't change the core of tosk dialect.

 

[Piro Ilir]

OH one last thing 90% of albanians in macedona are gheg vlla You should know this,And as for i cant find ghegs down south then this will help you http://dienekes.blogspot.ca/2010/03/y-chromosomes-of-albanian-populations.html This will explain why eb1 is so high in greece.Macedonia is very high in eb1.eb1 is higher in gheg than of tosk,
Next you going to tell me castriota was tosk.

Yes, the majority of alb- macedon are ghegs, except the area around lake ohrid. The wife of the last Albanian dictator (enver hoxha) was a tosk from Manastir (bitola). Please open the map and see the division line between tosk and gheg. It's the ancient via egnatia. [emoji6] . It proves that tosk Albanians are the true descendants of epirotes. But indeed the epirys province during the Roman invasion was until the city of Lezh. (Nova epirus). We know that the famous alb- tosk fustanella was used either further north, although it was used maybe only by the nobles.

Probably the inhabitants of kastrioti realm were ghegs. Indeed I can't confirm really what was the kastrioti family. Some of the Roman emperors were illyrians, but this not mean that the empire was illyrian. The nobles and the low class are two different things

 

[Piro Ilir]

Can you show me these written tosk.Bellifortis manuscript, gheg latin,date1402.meshari 1555 also geg.where is tosk bro...

Can you show me an Albanian script before 1400 ad? No, zero. Although this not mean that Albanians landed there from the space [emoji6] . The dialect needs centuries to split. ....

 

[Piro Ilir]

BTW for all you Albanians ............congratulations of qualifying for the European football finals next year ...............its good to see someone new in the finals

Aegimius, according to the Hellenic myth was the first Dorian king, who lead the dorians throughout mainland Greece. Aegim- ius mean sunrise in Albanian. So it's a new Agim for the Albanians. [emoji6]