1. Democracy
Democracy comes from the Greek word Δημοκρατια, (δημος + κρατος) and has somehow meaning of strangth of municipal/state citizens.
First direct democracy system was at Athenean city state, and probably the most typical a state could have.
Older seems to be the Spartan Apella Απελλα, but was rulling city through only one class, the Ομοιοι, Omoioi (Omii) translated asthe same ones but means the 'common and equal'. the military class of Spartans,
At Roman era we see the Senator and other not so direct forms, but elected by people,
Much later the term that dissapears for over a millenium, appears at England by Oliver Cromwell, at the English civil war. the irony is that he became a 'Protector'
Today Democracy is based on what we say represantation system, demotes (citizens) gather and choose someone who will will represent them at state desicions.
Most important to our modern system of democracy and democratic believes was 'La revolution Francais'
a strange era, a strangle among , Royaume de Dieu, Anarchy, Imperium, that ended to a kind of form that stabilize through centuries and expand all over the world, the modern forms of democracy,
French revolution offcourse was based after the ideas of European circle of enlightment, 'siecle des lumieres' which followed the era of renaissance,
Basic ideas of modern democracies are the principals of equality and freedom,
So democracies first had to reject other authorities, either humans either spirtuals like religion.
So the elected ones, who represent the people, must protect state and system from foreign will, and inner efforts of steal the Αρχη, the rule,
so modern democracies are divided to 2 different parts which united make the democracy
1) the executive authority, which is obliged to protect the political system, and execute the law and will of people (Goverment)
2) the lawgiver and the people's will as expressed by the elected. (Parliament)
that means that no human title, human power, as also no spiritual power like churches is above law, or goverment.
the principals of democracy.
Robespierre consider as principals the Liberte Egalite Fraternite,
same time we see many tripartite (3 words) including words like Amitie Justice Force Surete Propierte Vertu Cherite Union etc
so what means these 3 words,
Equality,
each human has equal rights and is equal against state.
each vote of citizen (demotes) is equal to other,
each citizen is equal against the law,
Liberty, - Freedom
Indepence of the state,
Indepence of authorities from other authorities, like foreign states, kings, clerics etc.
Freedom of travel, merchantise, work, choosec etc under state law, for the citizens inside their democratic area
freedom of speach, thoughts, science and art expresions.
Brotherhood,
the restoration of state defenders,
the help to the weak of the state, to keep living in equality as concerns their vote.
the taxation analogy so all must contribute, and all must have access to public 'goods' like retirement, insurance, health etc etc