Formation of Human Populations in Central and South Asia

"RATIONALE: To elucidate the extent to whichthe major cultural transformations of farming,pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution oflanguages in Eurasia were accompanied bymovement of people, we report genome-wideancient DNA data from 523 individuals spanning the last 8000 years, mostly from CentralAsia and northernmost South Asia.

RESULTS: The movement of people following the advent of farming resulted in geneticgradients across Eurasia that can be modeledas mixtures of seven deeply divergent populations. A key gradient formed in southwesternAsia beginning in the Neolithic and continuing into the Bronze Age, with more Anatolianfarmer–related ancestry in the west and moreIranian farmer–related ancestry in the east.This cline extended to the desert oases ofCentral Asia and was the primary source ofancestry in peoples of the Bronze Age BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC).This supports the idea that the archaeologically documented dispersal of domesticateswas accompanied by the spread of people frommultiple centers of domestication.The main population of the BMAC carried noancestry from Steppe pastoralists and did notcontribute substantially to later South Asians.However, Steppe pastoralist ancestry appearedin outlier individuals at BMAC sites by the turnof the second millennium BCE around the sametime as it appeared on the southern Steppe.Using data from ancient individuals from theSwat Valley of northernmost South Asia, we showthat Steppe ancestry then integrated further southin the first half of the second millennium BCE,contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of moderngroups in South Asia. The Steppe ancestry inSouth Asia has the same profile as that in BronzeAge Eastern Europe, tracking a movement ofpeople that affected both regions and that likelyspread the unique features shared between IndoIranian and Balto-Slavic languages.The primary ancestral population of modernSouth Asians is a mixture of people related toearly Holocene populations of Iran and SouthAsia that we detect in outlier individuals fromtwo sites in cultural contact with the IndusValley Civilization (IVC), making it plausiblethat it was characteristic of the IVC. al groups. After the IVC’s decline, this population mixed with northwestern groupswith Steppe ancestry to form the “Ancestral North Indians”(ANI) and also mixed with southeastern groups to form the “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI), whose direct descendants today live in tribes in southernIndia. Mixtures of these two post-IVC groups—the ANI and ASI—drive the main gradient ofgenetic variation in South Asia today.CONCLUSION: Earlier work recorded massive population movement from the EurasianSteppe into Europe early in the third millennium BCE, likely spreading Indo-Europeanlanguages. We reveal a parallel series of eventsleading to the spread of Steppe ancestry toSouth Asia, thereby documenting movementsof people that were likely conduits for thespread of Indo-European languages."
myETxQJ.png
 
I think we need much more researches to validate this migration.

First of all, we need seima turbino aDNA. When this IE people migrated into south asia, I think ST dominated whole Eurasia like mongol.

Second, no andronovo artifacts were found near south asia.

Third, several scholars already mentioned that east andronovo culture was much older than west andronovo.

Fourth, harvard scholar directly connected andronovo steppe admixture to modern northern indian. Problem is we recently knew that tianshan sample’s steppe admixture has nothing to do with afanasievo. In other words, modern northern indian can get steppe admixture from scythian, white Hun and etc.

Moreover, there is bronze age culture in south asia, copper hoard which I think they have altai culture and chariot, being related with mycenaean and the celt. We need this aDNA.

I explained here:
https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threa...be-explained-without-mentioning-Seima-Turbino
 
About their Ancestry Clines, they consider WHG as the western end continuum of of a cline that encompass EHG and Siberian Hunter gatherers and called North Eurasian Cline. But isn't WHG/Villabruna supposed to be related with Dzudzuana and therefore very close to Anatolian Farmers ancestry and the Southern Eurasian Cline?
 
Thanks for
Sharing nice😉
there are some e1b1b1b2-Z830
in late bronze/ iron age pakistan swat valley cool😎
There are also haplogroup I-m170 branch in them and r1a
Davidski probably happy....
The aryan theory we are r1a and stuff....
P.s
look in supplemental table 1-5 to see all the list
 
rozenfeld said:
So, the final paper, unlike original preprint, has samples from Kyrgyzstan. I thought that they would analyze Andronovo sites fro Arpa valley, instead they analyzed two guys from Aigyrjal:

Master ID Date: One of two formats. (Format 1) 95.4% CI calibrated radiocarbon age (Conventional Radiocarbon Age B, Lab number) e.g. 5983-5747 calBCE (6980±50 B B, Beta-226472). (Format 2) Archaeological context date B, e.g. 2500-1700 BCE Split Label (grouping individuals of similar ancestry by site) Location Country Sex mtDNA haplogroup Y chromosome haplogroup
I11526 2203-2041 calBCE (3735±20 BP, PSUAMS-4607) Aigyrzhal_BA Aigyrzhal Kyrgyzstan M R6a2 Q1a2
I11527 2114-1928 calBCE (3630±20 BP, PSUAMS-4750) Aigyrzhal_BA Aigyrzhal Kyrgyzstan M HV14 J2a1h2

It seems that they represent pre-Andronov inhabitants of Kyrgyzstan. Interesting, because there is not very much known about them. One of the few papers dealing with that site: https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...40618215006655

Associate authors: Michael Frachetti, Egor Kitov, Gaziz Akhatov, Antonina Yermolayeva, Kubatbek Tabaldiev, Oroz A. Soltobaev, Temirlan T. Chargynov.
Click to expand...

However, Andronovo in karzak is 1,700bc in the IE migration map above.

the new data from adunqiaolu fit well into the emerging view of the eastern andronovoas shown by frachetti and mar’yashev (2007), hanks et al. (2007), panyushkina et al.(2008) and molodin et al. (2012a), and which is gradually gaining wider acceptance(e.g. doumani 2014). the earlier chronologies for the putative eastward spread of theandronovo are clearly challenged, although mechanisms behind the transmission of general cultural influences remain unclear. the revised chronology supports new hypotheses on thenature of cultural connections (frachetti 2013: 292) that replace the earlier explanatory models of long distance migration supported by kuz’mina (1986, 1994, 2007, 2008) andothers (e.g. tkacheva). the idea of ‘waves’ of eastward movement creatingnew regionalised ‘cultural clusters’ has been refuted, partly through emerging radiocarbon sequences as discussed above, but also through evidence for long-term localised regionaldevelopment, such as that documented by frachetti in semirech’ye from at least the mid third millennium cal bc (frachetti 2008).
Click to expand...

andronovo cremation culture thru begash in semirech're:

“Before 3000 BC, societies of western Asia were cultivating wheat and societies of China were cultivating broomcorn millet; these are early nodes of the world's agriculture. The authors are searching for early cereals in the vast lands that separate the two, and report a breakthrough at Begash in south-east Kazakhstan. Here, high precision recovery and dating have revealed the presence of both wheat and millet in the later third millennium BC. Moreover the context, a cremation burial, raises the suggestion that these grains might signal a ritual rather than a subsistence commodity.”

“A new wave of newcomers left F’odorovo culture sites. Some include usually this culture, together with Alakul culture, in Andronovo culture. However, all attempts to find its local roots had no success. But these roots are in North-Western Iran and South Azerbaijan: cremation in stone boxes and cysts under mounds, clay props for hearth, oval dishes, polished ware. Complex of metal have analogies in Circumpontic area, but first of all, in Sumbar culture in South-Western Turkmenistan. Potteries from Central Asia have been found in some F’odorovo sites.”
 
WSHG carry more east asian ancestry

2 indicators for arrival early of east asian :

- the 10 ka Ganj Dareh mtDNA X, which also spread through Beringia into America
- the arrival of pottery, from China through Siberia ; ca 9 ka it arrived in the steppe north of the Caspian Sea and in Jarmo, northern Zagros Mts
 
Unlike preceding
Copper Age individuals fromTuran, people
of the BMAC cluster also harbored an additional
~2 to 5% ancestry related (deeply in time) to
Andamanese hunter-gatherers (AHG). This evidence
of south-to-north gene flow from South
Asia is consistent with the archaeological evidence
of cultural contacts between the IVC and
the BMAC and the existence of an IVC trading
colony in northern Afghanistan (although we
lack ancient DNA from that site) (44) and stands
in contrast to our qpAdm analyses showing
that a reciprocal north-to-south spread is undetectable.

Where was this IVC trading post in northern Afghanistan?
Which archelogical info is available?
 
bicicleur said:
Unlike preceding
Copper Age individuals fromTuran, people
of the BMAC cluster also harbored an additional
~2 to 5% ancestry related (deeply in time) to
Andamanese hunter-gatherers (AHG). This evidence
of south-to-north gene flow from South
Asia is consistent with the archaeological evidence
of cultural contacts between the IVC and
the BMAC and the existence of an IVC trading
colony in northern Afghanistan (although we
lack ancient DNA from that site) (44) and stands
in contrast to our qpAdm analyses showing
that a reciprocal north-to-south spread is undetectable.

Where was this IVC trading post in northern Afghanistan?
Which archelogical info is available?
Click to expand...

"There is extensive presence of Harappan seals and cubical weight measures in Mesopotamian urban sites. Specific items of high volume trade are timber and specialty wood such as ebony, for which large ships were used. Luxury items also appear, such as lapis lazuli mined at a Harappan colony at Shortugai (modern Badakhshan in northern Afghanistan), which was transported to Lothal, a port city in Gujarat in western India, and shipped from there to Oman, Bahrain and Sumer."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha
 
EDuDn-UVUAAK--x.jpg

There is an admixture of WSHG, farmer and CHG below botai, which looks like kumsay Q1a2 3,000BC in Map A.

And those kinds of admixuture are also in south cental asia 3,000bc and 3,500bc, which looks like sarazm, geokiur and parkhai. So it means now that CHG picked up farmer and migrated into west siberia. And it is possible kelteminar would have CHG, farmer and EHG (or WSHG). Q1a or R1b?

https://abload.de/img/iir_mfa6ns5v.png

As I quoted before, south ural and south-east caspian sea culture interact each other from mesolithic to eneolithic. So it is possible yamna got CHG and farmer from this route, b/c early yamna sample barely has WHG.
 
johen said:
I think we need much more researches to validate this migration.

First of all, we need seima turbino aDNA. When this IE people migrated into south asia, I think ST dominated whole Eurasia like mongol.

Second, no andronovo artifacts were found near south asia.

Third, several scholars already mentioned that east andronovo culture was much older than west andronovo.

Fourth, harvard scholar directly connected andronovo steppe admixture to modern northern indian. Problem is we recently knew that tianshan sample’s steppe admixture has nothing to do with afanasievo. In other words, modern northern indian can get steppe admixture from scythian, white Hun and etc.

Moreover, there is bronze age culture in south asia, copper hoard which I think they have altai culture and chariot, being related with mycenaean and the celt. We need this aDNA.

I explained here:
https://www.eupedia.com/forum/threa...be-explained-without-mentioning-Seima-Turbino
Click to expand...

Andronovo has two cultures of West Alakul (around 1800bc-) and East Fedorovo ( around 1700bc -). So traditionally andronovo culture migrated from west. However, east zevakinskiy-BA has the oldest example of R1a in ancient DNA from Central Asia which is dated to 2132-1940 calBCE (ID I3770, Narasimhan 2019)..

[TABLE="width: 783"]
[TR]
[TD]1877-1693 calBCE (3455±20 BP, PSUAMS-2922)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1876-1691 calBCE (3450±20 BP, PSUAMS-2924)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Steppe_MLBA_oWSHG[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul_o[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1876-1688 calBCE (3445±20 BP, PSUAMS-2981)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Satan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[TD]Satan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1876-1688 calBCE (3445±20 BP, PSUAMS-2926)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1872-1684 calBCE (3435±20 BP, PSUAMS-3115)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Central_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Oy_Dzhaylau_MLBA[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1872-1684 calBCE (3435±20 BP, PSUAMS-2980)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1872-1684 calBCE (3435±20 BP, PSUAMS-2929)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1878-1664 calBCE (3440±30 BP, Beta-436293)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Sintashta_MLBA_o3[/TD]
[TD]Sintashta_MLBA_o3[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1906-1631 calBCE (3455±56 BP, AA-47808)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Srubnaya[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1869-1665 calBCE (3430±20 BP, PSUAMS-2496)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Ak_Moustafa_MLBA1[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1862-1664 calBCE (3425±20 BP, PSUAMS-2921)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Lisakovskiy_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]1862-1664 calBCE (3425±20 BP, PSUAMS-2923)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Western_Steppe_MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Maitan_MLBA_Alakul[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

zevakinskiy location:

iir_mfa6ns5v.png
 
Razib Khan about pigmentation:
The Sintashta were swarthy.
1.rs12913832 0.4286
This is a surprise. This indicates 60-70% Sinatashta had brown eyes.
And
2.Spot-checking some major loci where Europeans are very distinct, such as KITLG, OCA2-HERC2, and SLC45A2, it is clear to me that the Sintashta were much more darkly complected than modern Northern Europeans.
 
johen said:
Andronovo has two cultures of West Alakul (around 1800bc-) and East Fedorovo ( around 1700bc -). So traditionally andronovo culture migrated from west. However, east zevakinskiy-BA has the oldest example of R1a in ancient DNA from Central Asia which is dated to 2132-1940 calBCE (ID I3770, Narasimhan 2019)..
Click to expand...

[ Zevakinsikiy_BA 1469 • CII-52, stone fencing 90 (I3770): Date of 2132-1940 cal BCE (3645±25 BP, PSUAMS1470 2079). Genetically and morphologically male, 25 to 30 years old. Stone fence number 90 1471 had a diameter of 9 m and was located 20 m from stone fence number 91 excavated in 1971 1472 (28). The excavation brought to light, at a depth of 0.4 m, a rectangular pit (2.45 x 1.45 m; 1473 depth: 1.75 cm) with rounded corners, positioned in a west to east direction. A stone cist 1474 composed of four stone wall slabs and a fifth cover slab were found at a depth of 1.05 m. 1475 The cist measured 1.7 x 0.7 m, and was 0.7 m high. Human bones were found at the bottom 1476 of the stone cist: skull, femurs, ribs, pelvis and a mandible have been identified. A hand1477 made vessel base, manufactured out of blackish ware tempered with quartz, was found near 1478 the northern wall, 30 cm from the eastern wall. This artefact has been attributed to the Early 1479 Andronovo Culture.]

Moreover Potapovka outlier is WSHG R1a:

[TABLE="width: 647"]
[TR]
[TD]2465-2054 calBCE (3815±60 BP, Le-6545)][/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Steppe_MLBA_oWSHG[/TD]
[TD]Potapovka_o[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

[TABLE="width: 783"]
[TR]
[TD]2469-1928 calBCE (3760±100 BP, AA-12568)[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Steppe_MLBA_oWSHG[/TD]
[TD]Potapovka_o[/TD]
[TD]Yes[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD]R1[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]

[TABLE="width: 783"]
[TR]
[TD]2200-1900 BCE[/TD]
[TD]MLBA[/TD]
[TD]Steppe_MLBA_oWSHG[/TD]
[TD]Potapovka[/TD]
[TD]Yes[/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD]R1a1a1b2a2a[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
 
How about the 2nd study with R1a in Swat Valley:

"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers":

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5

So much for Finno-Ugric R1a and other weird ideas:

"(...) However, a natural route for Indo-European languages to have spread into South Asia is from Eastern Europe via Central Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE, a chain of transmission that did occur as has been documented in detail with ancient DNA. The fact that the Steppe pastoralist ancestry in South Asia matches that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe (but not Western Europe [de Barros Damgaard et al., 2018, Narasimhan et al., 2019]) provides additional evidence for this theory, as it elegantly explains the shared distinctive features of Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (Ringe et al., 2002)." (...)
 
Tomenable said:
How about the 2nd study with R1a in Swat Valley:

"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers":

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5

So much for Finno-Ugric R1a and other weird ideas:

"(...) However, a natural route for Indo-European languages to have spread into South Asia is from Eastern Europe via Central Asia in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE, a chain of transmission that did occur as has been documented in detail with ancient DNA. The fact that the Steppe pastoralist ancestry in South Asia matches that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe (but not Western Europe [de Barros Damgaard et al., 2018, Narasimhan et al., 2019]) provides additional evidence for this theory, as it elegantly explains the shared distinctive features of Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (Ringe et al., 2002)." (...)
Click to expand...


The R1a is not L657. As I mentioned, this research is the same case of recent Tianshan sample ( srz_m012: r1b2 - b1/by14364/by14573/by14586/ph491/y141794) with afanasievo admixture.

And here are facts:

1st there is no andronovo culture near south asia, but copper hoard culture, of which aDNA would solve
aryan thing.

2nd East andronovo culture (8% WSHG) is much older than west andronovo culture. I think zevakinskiy-BA sample proves it genetically.

the new data from adunqiaolu fit well into the emerging view of the eastern andronovoas shown by frachetti and mar’yashev (2007), hanks et al. (2007), panyushkina et al.(2008) and molodin et al. (2012a), and which is gradually gaining wider acceptance(e.g. doumani 2014). the earlier chronologies for the putative eastward spread of theandronovo are clearly challenged, although mechanisms behind the transmission of generalcultural influences remain unclear. the revised chronology supports new hypotheses on thenature of cultural connections (frachetti 2013: 292) that replace the earlier explanatorymodels of long distance migration supported by kuz’mina (1986, 1994, 2007, 2008) andothers (e.g. tkacheva). the idea of ‘waves’ of eastward movement creating new regionalised ‘cultural clusters’ has been refuted, partly through emerging radiocarbonsequences as discussed above, but also through evidence for long-term localised regionaldevelopment, such as that documented by frachetti in semirech’ye from at least the midthird millennium cal bc (frachetti 2008).
Click to expand...

3RD Seima turbibo culture introduced canibalism into East europe and dominated china while IE people seemed to migrate into south asia by this research. I think seima aDNA will solve this problem near future.

there is, probably, one more testimony to the invasion of central europe by the seima-turbino peoples. on bronze age settlements in saxony, burials are known of skulls and pieces of bones showing signs of cannibalism. unfortunately, the publication does not define more exactly to which period these finds relate [grimm, 1997]. in particular, many simi-lar finds have been made in slovakia, on settlements of the veterov, madjarovce and otomani cultures.they are known on unětice settlements very rarely.often, traces of scraping and incisions are visible on bones, and the cooking of body parts is not ex-cluded. sometimes there are pieces of skull. a cer-emonial mask found on the nitriansky hrádok set-tlement, made from the front of a skull, is especiallyinteresting [furmanek, jakab, 1997]. it should be noted that the distribution here of bronzes of seima-turbino type is dated exactly to this time and found on settlements of this group. the connection of suchrituals with these cultural groups can be demon-strated also by an example from south-western poland, where, at the end of phase br a2, the nowagerekwia group occurs, whose formation is usuallyconnected with the abovementioned cultural devel-opments in slovakia. at this time both fortified set-tlements and burials on settlements appeared here.very often there are separate human bones, espe-cially skulls and pieces of skull. it was uncharacter-istic of unětice culture and is subsequently absentfrom trzciniec culture.
Click to expand...
 
The aryan marker although i dont like the propganda in other sites is r1a-z93 i understand this reality....
 
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