Analiza Y-DNK haplotipov Slovencev (Manfreda, Vrečko, 2014)
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Povzetek
V prispevku je predstavljena genetska analiza Slovencev na osnovi Y-DNK haplotipov, ki se dedujejo po očetu. Analizo sva naredila s 458 haplotipi dolžine od 9 do 43 označevalcev iz celotne Slovenije. Namen analize je bil določiti sorodnost z drugimi narodi ter oceniti okvirne smeri ter povprečne čase zadnjih selitev prednikov Slovencev. Z uporabo Atheyjevega ter Cullen in Nordtvedtovega spletnega programa sva razvrstila haplotipe iz Slovenije v podskupine. Najpogostejša genetska skupina v Sloveniji je R1a (38,7 ± 4,5 %), sledijo I2a1b (17,9 ± 3,5 %), R1b (16,2 ± 3,8 %), I1 (10,5 ± 2,8 %), itd. Z uporabo Kilin-Klyosovega kalkulatorja sva izračunala čase do skupnega prednika za večino Y-DNK skupin iz Slovenije. Skupni prednik slovenske R1a naj bi živel pred 3975 ± 799 leti, prednik I2a1b pred 2336 ± 351 leti, R1b pred 7534 ± 1152 leti in I1 pred 2886 ± 510 leti
. Na osnovi lokacij 253 slovenskih haplotipov sva določila deleže Y-DNK skupin v Sloveniji po regijah. Ugotovila sva, da Slovenska R1a spada skorajda v celoti v evropsko Z282, znotraj nje pa
verjetno v južno baltsko, volgino karpatsko in staro karpatsko ter zahodno slovansko (klasifikacija FTDNA) podskupino. Slovensko južno baltsko skupino sestavljajo večinoma haplotipi mlajše baltsko karpatske podskupine (po Klyosovu), ki predstavlja približno četrtino slovenske R1a. Največ R1a skupine je med beneškimi Slovenci, najstarejša pa je v Prekmurju. Haplotipi znotraj genetske skupine I2a1b-M423 so skoraj vsi severno dinarski, le nekaj jih je južno dinarskih, več te skupine je v Spodnjem Posavju. Haplotipi R1b so predvsem alpski R1b1a2a1a2b-U152/S28 in severozahodno evropski R1b1a2a1a1-U106/S21. Največ R1b sva našla na Goriškem, kjer morda celo presega delež R1a. Slovenski I1-M253 haplotipi so predvsem v zahodno in centralno evropskih vejah. Nekaj haplotipov je tudi nordijskih, bolj povezanih s Švedsko kot z Norveško, nekaj pa je vzhodnoevropskih. Več I1 je na Goriškem, kjer je po deležu enaka R1b. Na osnovi primerjave 200 daljših haplotipov iz Slovenije z drugimi iz spletne baze Ysearch sva izračunala okvirne čase selitev prednikov Slovencev. Rezultati kažejo, da se je verjetno več kot polovica prednikov Slovencev na tem prostoru naselila v času bronaste in železne dobe. Zadnji naselitveni val v zgodnjem srednjem veku pa bi lahko k današnjemu Y-DNK bazenu Slovencev prispeval 20-50 % genov. Okrog 5-10 % slovenske Y-DNK je v starih genetskih skupinah, kar kaže, da bi lahko nekaj moških prednikov današnjih Slovencev na tem prostoru živelo že pred bronasto dobo. Poiskala sva kraje, kjer sva v bazi YHRD našla največ različnih izmed 33 najpogostejših haplotipov iz Slovenije dolžine 9 označevalcev in države, kjer sva v bazi Ysearch našla največ haplotipov dolžine od 32 do 43 označevalcev, ki so najbližji Slovenskim po posameznih skupinah. Največ najbližjih haplotipov R1a in I2a1b sva našla v Rusiji in na Poljskem, R1a tudi na Češkem in v Nemčiji, I2a1b tudi v Ukrajini in na Balkanu, R1b in I1 v Nemčiji, Belgiji, Angliji in Irski, R1b tudi v Italiji in I1 tudi na Švedskem. Nekatere od teh držav nakazujejo možne smeri zadnjih selitev prednikov Slovencev. Selitve prednikov skupin R1a in I2a1b bi lahko potekale s severovzhoda, slednje deloma tudi z jugovzhoda, selitve prednikov skupine R1b bi lahko potekale s severa in zahoda, skupine I1 pa s severa.
This paper presents genetic analysis of Slovenes based on Y-DNA haplotypes, which are inherited from father. Analysis was performed with 458 haplotypes (from 9 to 43 markers) from all over Slovenia. The purpose of the analysis was to determine similarities with other nations and estimate the time and direction of migrations of Slovene ancestors. Haplotypes were grouped into the subgroups by using the Athey’s and Cullen&Nordtvedt’s web predictors. The most common haplogroup in Slovenia is R1a (38.7 ± 4.5%), followed by I2a1b (17.9 ± 3.5%), R1b (16.2 ± 3.4%), I1 (10.5 ± 2.8%), etc. Kilin-Klyosov’s estimator was used to calculate times to the most recent common ancestor for the most of the Y-DNA haplogroups of Slovenes. The most recent common ancestor of Slovene R1a lived 3975 ± 799 years ago, ancestor of I2a1b lived 2336 ± 351 years ago, ancestor of R1b 7534 ± 1152 years ago and ancestor of I1 2886 ± 510 years ago. Based on locations of 253 Slovenian haplotypes the frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroups in Slovenia were obtained by region. Slovenian R1a belongs almost entirely to the European subgroup Z282 and within it probably into the southern Baltic, Volga-Carpathian, old Carpathian and western Slavic (FTDNA classification) subgroups. Slovenian southern Baltic subgroup consists of mostly young haplotypes from Baltic-Carpathian subgroup (according to Klyosov). This accounts for more than a quarter of the Slovenian R1a. The highest frequency of R1a is found among the Slovenes from the Veneto region in Italy and the oldest one in Prekmurje. Haplotypes in haplogroup I2a1b-M423 are almost all from the north Dinaric subgroup, only a few of them are from south Dinaric subgroup. The highest frequency of this group is found in the lower Sava valley region. R1b haplotypes belong mostly to the Alpine (U152) and North West European (U106) subgroups. The highest frequency of R1b is found in the province of Gorica where it perhaps exceeds the frequency of R1a. Slovenian I1-M253 haplotypes mainly belong to the West and Central European branches. Some haplotypes also belong to the Nordic subgroup, more associated with Sweden than Norway, and some to the Eastern European subgroup. The highest frequency of I1 is found in the province of Gorica, where it is equal to R1b. By comparing 200 haplotypes (from 32 to 43 markers) from Slovenia to others in the web database Ysearch the average migration times of Slovene ancestors were calculated. Results show that probably more than a half of Slovene ancestors settled in this territory during the Bronze and Iron Age. The latest bigger wave of migration in the Early Middle Ages probably contributed 20-50 % of the genes to the Y-DNA pool of today’s Slovenes. On the other hand 5-10 % of Slovenian Y-DNA belongs to the old subgroups, which indicates that some of male ancestors lived in this territory before the Bronze Age. The countries, in which the variety of 33 most common Slovene haplotypes (9 markers) is the highest, were found in the database YHRD. From the database Ysearch we selected the countries with the highest number of haplotypes (from 32 to 43 markers) that are the closest to the Slovenian. The most common and the closest haplotypes within groups R1a and I2a1b were found in Russia and Poland, within R1a also in Czech Republic and Germany and within I2a1b also in Ukraine and Balkans. The most common and the closest haplotypes within R1b and I1 were found in Germany, Belgium, England and Ireland, within R1b also in Italy and within I1 also in Sweden. Some of these countries indicate possible directions of the last migrations of the ancestors of Slovenes. Migration within groups R1a and I2a1b most probably took place from the northeast, the latter partly from the southeast. Migration of ancestors within group R1b most probably took place from the north and west and the migration within the group I1 from the north.