Backyard furnaces
Main article:
Backyard furnace
Backyard furnaces in China during the Great Leap Forward era.
With no personal knowledge of
metallurgy, Mao encouraged the establishment of small
backyard steel furnaces in every commune and in each urban neighborhood. Mao was shown an example of a backyard furnace in
Hefei,
Anhui in September 1958 by provincial first secretary Zeng Xisheng.
[28] The unit was claimed to be manufacturing high quality steel.
[28]
Huge efforts on the part of peasants and other workers were made to produce steel out of scrap metal. To fuel the furnaces the local environment was denuded of trees and wood taken from the doors and furniture of peasants' houses. Pots, pans, and other metal artifacts were requisitioned to supply the "scrap" for the furnaces so that the wildly optimistic production targets could be met. Many of the male agricultural workers were diverted from the harvest to help the iron production as were the workers at many factories, schools and even hospitals. Although the output consisted of low quality lumps of
pig iron which was of negligible economic worth, Mao had a deep distrust of intellectuals and faith in the power of the mass mobilization of the peasants.
Moreover, the experience of the intellectual classes following the
Hundred Flowers Campaign silenced those aware of the folly of such a plan. According to his private doctor,
Li Zhisui, Mao and his entourage visited traditional steel works in
Manchuria in January 1959
where he found out that high quality steel could only be produced in large-scale factories using reliable fuel such as coal. However, he decided not to order a halt to the backyard steel furnaces so as not to dampen the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses. The program was only quietly abandoned much later in that year.
Photograph
Backyard steel furnaces were used by the people of
China during the
Great Leap Forward (1958–62).
[1][2] These small steel
blast furnaces were constructed in the backyards of the
communes, hence their names. People used every type of
fuel they could to power these furnaces, from
coal to the
wood of
coffins. Where iron ore was unavailable, they melted any steel objects they could get their hands on, including pots and pans, and even bicycles, to make steel girders, but these
girders were useless, as the steel was impure and of poor quality and thus cracked easily. Unbeknownst to the Communist Party officials, the result was not steel, but high carbon
pig iron, which needs to be
decarburized to make steel.
The results varied from region to region. In regions where the steelmaking tradition had survived unbroken, where the old skills of the
ironmasters had not been forgotten, the pig iron was indeed further refined into steel, and the steel production actually did increase. In regions that had no traditions of steelmaking, or the old ironmasters had been killed, or if there was no theoretical understanding of the blast furnace process and refining of the pig iron, the results were unsatisfactory. At worst, the fuel used was high-sulfur coal, rendering even the resulting pig iron useless needing to be re-smelted and desulfurized.