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Genetic study Unveiling the complexity of post-Roman polity formation in Pannonia using ancient DNA

Tautalus

Tautalus

Regular Member
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93
Ethnic group
Portuguese
Y-DNA haplogroup
I2-M223 / I-FTB15368
mtDNA haplogroup
H6a1b2y
This paper shows how a post-Roman kingdom emerged through a combination of migration, local continuity, intermarriage, elite lineage formation, and increasingly sophisticated political organization, rather than through simple conquest or ethnic replacement.

Editor’s summary
The dissolution of the western Roman Empire resulted in substantial population and political shifts across Europe. To better understand the role of migration in this period, Tian et al. sequenced genomes from 314 individuals from seven sites in the Little Hungarian Plain, a region at the border between the eastern and western halves of the empire through which the river Danube and major trade routes flowed. Genetic data and isotopes indicate an influx of northern European populations into the region over the 3rd to 6th centuries CE, but cultural signifiers such as grave goods remained consistent. Grave kinship and nutrition indicate that social structure changed independently across these settlements, suggesting idiosyncratic shifts in response to demographic change rather than complete replacement.

Structured Abstract
INTRODUCTION
With the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the fourth to sixth centuries common era (CE) were a period of profound demographic, cultural, and political change on the European continent. Although these changes have traditionally been attributed to the migration of “barbarians,” modern scholars have tended to emphasize the role of internal social dynamics. However, the lack of contemporaneous written records has limited what we can say about post-Roman communities. The combined analysis of ancient DNA, isotopes, and the archaeological record from these ancient communities provides another dimension to help us understand the period.
RATIONALE
The Little Hungarian Plain was part of the Pannonian provinces of the Roman Empire and was an important frontier zone, and its rich archaeological record provides an ideal case study for using ancient DNA to better understand these transformations. Therefore, we sequenced 314 ancient genomes dated between the third and sixth centuries CE from seven (two late Roman and five post-Roman) cemeteries. We then integrated these data with isotopic and archaeological evidence to provide a high-resolution picture of migration and community development in the region.
RESULTS
We found that the genetic profile of the populations changed substantially in the post-Roman period, with a major influx of Northern European genetic ancestry. This likely reflects the historically documented expansion of the Langobards into the region, although this immigrant population appears to have mixed with the existing local late Roman inhabitants rather than replacing them. In addition, although individual post-Roman cemeteries had highly similar genomic profiles, they demonstrated a variety of patterns of within- and between-cemetery biological relatedness.
CONCLUSION
Rather than representing simple, independent rural communities, our data revealed a complex, stratified society. By combining genetic and archaeological data at an unprecedented spatial and temporal scale, we were able to identify distinct social hierarchies in which core kin groups likely maintained political and social power. This suggests that the formation of the post-Roman Langobard polity was driven by the establishment of these hierarchical networks, connecting communities on cultural, political, and biological levels.

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The preprint is from August 2025​
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Y-Dna haplogroups
Individual IDSiteYmarkerYmarker_equivalentHaplogroup (main branch)Terminal downstream sub-haplogroup
GYS008Győr - Széchenyi squareL542V13E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Gy-Szt_10Győr - Széchenyi squareL542V13E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Gy-Szt_50Győr - Széchenyi squareL542 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Menfocsanak_285MénfőcsanakL542 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Szeleste_524SzelesteL542V13E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Szeleste_548SzelesteL542L618E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Szeleste_566SzelesteL542V13E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Szeleste_577SzelesteL542L618E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Menfocsanak_296MénfőcsanakL788Z1146E-M35/M78E1b1b1b2a1a1
Hegyko_08Hegykő - Mező streetM35.2 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a3
Hegyko_49Hegykő - Mező streetM35.2 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a3
Szeleste_530SzelesteM5251 E-M35/M78E1b1b
Szeleste_598-2SzelesteM75 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
Szeleste_963SzelesteM75 E-M35/M78E1b1b1a1b1a
GYS039Győr - Széchenyi squarePN2PF1825E-M35/M78E1b1
Gy-Szt_36-AGyőr - Széchenyi squarePN2PF1942E-M35/M78E1b1
Menfocsanak_297MénfőcsanakP135 F-M89F
Gy-Szt_06Győr - Széchenyi squareP141 F-M89F
Szeleste_962SzelesteP158 F-M89F
Szeleste_456SzelesteP163PF2632F-M89F
GYS023Győr - Széchenyi squareP166 F-M89F
Gy-Szt_04Győr - Széchenyi squareCTS4803 G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1b1a1a2a
Hegyko_74Hegykő - Mező streetF1175Z35443G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2b
Hegyko_10Hegykő - Mező streetFGC12135 G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1c2
Menfocsanak_401MénfőcsanakM485S126G2a-P287/S149G2a2b
Menfocsanak_123MénfőcsanakPF3175 G2a-P287/S149G2a2a
Hegyko_05Hegykő - Mező streetPF6863CTS7155, Z3380, Z3410G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1c1a1
Hegyko_78Hegykő - Mező streetPF6863CTS7155, Z3380, Z3410G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1c1a1
Gy-Szt_51Győr - Széchenyi squareS149L149.2G2a-P287/S149G2a
Hegyko_24Hegykő - Mező streetU1Z2005, Z2024G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1a1
Gy-Szt_58Győr - Széchenyi squareU8 G2a-P287/S149G2a2b
Szeleste_552SzelesteU8 G2a-P287/S149G2a2b
Hegyko_16Hegykő - Mező streetZ3038Z3312, CTS342G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1a1c1a1
Gyirmot_30Gyirmót - HomokdombZ3283Z738, Z751G2a-P287/S149G2a2b2a1b1a
Gy-Szt_37-AGyőr - Széchenyi squareM3546 G2-M201/P287G2
Kony_458Kóny - Markotai streetL118 I1-M253I1
Szeleste_486SzelesteL187M253I1-M253I1
Szeleste_473SzelesteL64S109I1-M253I1
Szeleste_397SzelesteL75L81I1-M253I1
Kony_444Kóny - Markotai streetL81 I1-M253I1
Szeleste_386SzelesteL81S109I1-M253I1
Hegyko_26Hegykő - Mező streetL840M253I1-M253I1
Hegyko_37Hegykő - Mező streetL840 I1-M253I1
Hegyko_40Hegykő - Mező streetL840 I1-M253I1
Hegyko_60Hegykő - Mező streetL840M253, M450I1-M253I1
Hegyko_61Hegykő - Mező streetL840M253, M450I1-M253I1
Hegyko_70Hegykő - Mező streetL840M253, M450I1-M253I1
Hegyko_73Hegykő - Mező streetM253 I1-M253I1
Hegyko_75Hegykő - Mező streetM253 I1-M253I1
Szeleste_441SzelesteL22 I1-M253/S238I1a1b1
Hegyko_35Hegykő - Mező streetY19820L840, M450I1-M253/S238I1a1b1a4a1a1b1a4b2
Hegyko_62Hegykő - Mező streetZ141M253I1-M253/S238I1a2a1a1a
Szeleste_449SzelesteZ141S244I1-M253/S292I1a2a1a1a
Szeleste_479SzelesteZ61 I1-M253/S292I1a2a1a1
Gyirmot_23Gyirmót - HomokdombZ63 I1-M253/Z63I1a3
Gyirmot_36_2Gyirmót - HomokdombZ63 I1-M253/Z63I1a3
Hegyko_14Hegykő - Mező streetL702S151, S120I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2a
Hegyko_57Hegykő - Mező streetL801S151I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b1
Szeleste_567-1SzelesteP221 I2-M438/L460I2a1b1
Hegyko_69Hegykő - Mező streetS120 I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b1
Hegyko_71Hegykő - Mező streetS120S151I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b1
Menfocsanak_260-BMénfőcsanakZ161S151I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b
Szeleste_448SzelesteZ161S151I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b
Szeleste_501-1SzelesteZ161S151I2-M438/L460I2a1b1a2b
Gyirmot_15Gyirmót - HomokdombP129 IJ-S2IJ
Hegyko_31Hegykő - Mező streetS2 IJ-S2IJ
Hegyko_34Hegykő - Mező streetS2 IJ-S2IJ
Szeleste_462SzelesteP209 J1-M267J1
Gyirmot_21Gyirmót - HomokdombCTS11760Z639J2-M172/M410J2b2a1a1a1a1a1a1e
Gy-Szt_43Győr - Széchenyi squareL283 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Gy-Szt_49Győr - Széchenyi squareL283 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Hegyko_56Hegykő - Mező streetL283 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Szeleste_375SzelesteL283 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Szeleste_959SzelesteL283 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Gy-Szt_19Győr - Széchenyi squareL559 J2-M172/M410J2a
Szeleste_390SzelesteM92 J2-M172/M410J2a1a1a2b2a1a
Hegyko_11Hegykő - Mező streetPF5138 J2-M172/M410J2a1a1a2
Hegyko_45Hegykő - Mező streetPF5138 J2-M172/M410J2a1a1a2
Szeleste_491SzelesteZ1297 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1a1a1a1a
Szeleste_373SzelesteZ1298Z1297J2-M172/M410J2b2a1a1a1a1a
Kony_450Kóny - Markotai streetZ2517 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1
Gyirmot_14Gyirmót - HomokdombZ639 J2-M172/M410J2b2a1a1a1a1a1a
Gy-Szt_38Győr - Széchenyi squareP209 J-M304J
Gyirmot_12Gyirmót - Homokdombn.a. n.a.n.a.
Gyirmot_13Gyirmót - Homokdombn.a. n.a.n.a.
Gyirmot_17Gyirmót - Homokdombn.a. n.a.n.a.
Gyirmot_19Gyirmót - Homokdombn.a. n.a.n.a.
GYS011Győr - Széchenyi squaren.a. n.a.n.a.
Gy-Szt_01Győr - Széchenyi squaren.a. n.a.n.a.
Gy-Szt_41-AGyőr - Széchenyi squaren.a. n.a.n.a.
Hegyko_55Hegykő - Mező streetn.a. n.a.n.a. (brother of 50)
Szeleste_487Szelesten.a. n.a.n.a.
Szeleste_451SzelesteS431CTS2929N-M46/M2218N1a1a1a1a1a1a
Szeleste_595SzelesteS431CTS2929N-M46/M2218N1a1a1a1a1a1a
Menfocsanak_278MénfőcsanakM346S3234, L474Q-M242/M346Q1b
Gy-Szt_03Győr - Széchenyi squareCTS3402 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a2b3a
Szeleste_427SzelesteL168 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a
Gy-Szt_29Győr - Széchenyi squareM417 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1
Szeleste_398SzelesteM512L168R1a-M173/M420R1a1a
Szeleste_466SzelesteM515 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a
Gy-Szt_11Győr - Széchenyi squareS204 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a2
Hegyko_20Hegykő - Mező streetS204 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a2
Hegyko_76Hegykő - Mező streetS204 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a2
Gy-Szt_35-AGyőr - Széchenyi squareS224S441R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b
Szeleste_554SzelesteS443 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a3
Szeleste_511SzelesteZ282 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1a
Gy-Szt_17Győr - Széchenyi squareZ283 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b1
Gyirmot_03Gyirmót - HomokdombZ93 R1a-M173/M420R1a1a1b2
Menfocsanak_408MénfőcsanakPF6485L265R1b-M173/M269R1b1a1b
Szeleste_512SzelestePF6485L265R1b-M173/M269R1b1a1b
Szeleste_578SzelesteM415 R1b-M173/M343R1b
Menfocsanak_260-AMénfőcsanakL151S129R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a
Szeleste_575SzelesteL151 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a
Szeleste_951SzelesteL151S128R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a
Gy-Szt_15Győr - Széchenyi squareL20 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2b2a1
Szeleste_450SzelesteL20 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2b2a1
GyFl_KE69Győr - Frigyes laktanyaP312 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a2a1a2
Gyirmot_01Gyirmót - HomokdombS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Gyirmot_26Gyirmót - HomokdombS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
GYS009Győr - Széchenyi squareS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
GYS059Győr - Széchenyi squareS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Hegyko_42Hegykő - Mező streetS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1a2a1a2
Szeleste_437-2SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_455SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_461SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_478SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_534SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_550SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_599SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Szeleste_953SzelesteS116 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2
Gyirmot_36_1Gyirmót - HomokdombU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a2a1a1a1c
Gy-Szt_47Győr - Széchenyi squareU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1
Kony_447Kóny - Markotai streetU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a2a1a1
Szeleste_531SzelesteU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1
Szeleste_532SzelesteU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1
Szeleste_956SzelesteU106 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1
Gy-Szt_18Győr - Széchenyi squareZ18S266, S215R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1b
Menfocsanak_289MénfőcsanakZ2 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b
Szeleste_598-1SzelesteZ2 R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2a1b
Gyirmot_32Gyirmót - HomokdombZ2105CTS1078R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1b
Gy-Szt_02Győr - Széchenyi squareZ2105CTS1078R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1b
Szeleste_395SzelesteZ251L21, S521R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1e
Hegyko_30Hegykő - Mező streetZ381U106R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1a2a1a1c
Hegyko_33Hegykő - Mező streetZ381U106R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1a2a1a1c
Hegyko_67Hegykő - Mező streetZ381U106R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1a2a1a1c
Hegyko_80Hegykő - Mező streetZ381U106R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1a2a1a1c
Gy-Szt_39-AGyőr - Széchenyi squareZ81S269, Z80R1b-M269/L23R1b1a1b1a1a1c2b2b1a1a1b2
Kony_446Kóny - Markotai streetL151questionable R1b-M269/L23 ?R1b1a
Kony_445Kóny - Markotai streetP294 R1-m173/P294R1


 
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