Eupedia
Eupedia England Guide


North-East England

Codger Fort Folly, Northumberland (© Nick Webley | iStockphoto.com)
Codger Fort Folly, Northumberland.

Introduction to North-East England

Historical Significance

The region boasts an impressive historical heritage, including:

  • Two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Durham Cathedral and Castle
  • Around 50 castles, more than any other county in England, including Alnwick Castle (which featured as Hogwarts in the Harry Potter films), Bamburgh Castle, and Warkworth Castle
  • Hadrian's Wall, one of Britain's oldest Roman artefacts spanning the width of the North from coast to coast, built by 15,000 men in less than six years
  • Beamish Museum, an immersive open-air living history museum where visitors can experience life in the 1820s, 1900s, and 1940s through authentic recreations
  • The Victoria Tunnel, a 19th-century coal waggonway later used as a WW2 air-raid shelter

Natural Beauty

The North East offers stunning landscapes and natural wonders:

  • Miles of pristine, often deserted beaches along the coast
  • The largest Gold Tier Dark Sky Park in Europe, offering exceptional stargazing opportunities
  • England's largest forest and Europe's largest man-made body of water
  • A 40-mile-long coastal Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
  • The North York Moors, which have inspired celebrated writers including Bram Stoker and the BrontĂ« sisters

Cultural Attractions

The region's cultural scene is equally compelling:

  • Vibrant cities like Newcastle and Durham with thriving arts scenes
  • The Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead and the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle
  • Three galleries with collections of Designated national importance: Laing Art Gallery, the Bowes Museum, and The Shipley
  • The National Glass Centre in Sunderland, showcasing the city's historical connection to glassmaking
  • Traditional Geordie cuisine, including stotties, pease pudding, and Newcastle Brown Ale

The North East combines historical depth with natural splendour and cultural richness, offering visitors an authentic and diverse experience away from the more crowded tourist destinations in Britain.

Attractions

County Durham

Durham
Durham Castle (© Michael Dodd | iStockphoto.com)
must-see Durham presents a remarkable convergence of medieval architecture and living history, anchored by its magnificent Norman Cathedral and Castle that together form a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The cathedral, constructed between 1093 and 1133, houses the shrine of St Cuthbert, one of northern England's most venerated saints, alongside the tomb of the Venerable Bede, making it a site of profound religious and historical significance that has drawn pilgrims for nearly a millennium. The city's unique position as the former seat of the Prince-Bishops, who wielded both spiritual and temporal power as rulers of a semi-independent jurisdiction, created an extraordinary political legacy that shaped the region's development for centuries. Today's visitors can explore this rich heritage through the cathedral's stunning Romanesque architecture, tour the castle that served as the bishops' palace and now houses Durham University, and experience the atmospheric setting created by the River Wear's horseshoe bend around the historic peninsula. The combination of medieval grandeur, academic tradition from one of England's oldest universities, and cultural events like the annual Durham Miners' Gala creates a destination where architectural masterpieces, scholarly heritage, and community traditions blend seamlessly together.
Auckland Castle
Auckland Castle (photo by Pit-yacker - CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported)
outstanding Auckland Castle, one of the best-preserved Bishop's palaces in Europe, offers visitors a remarkable window into nearly 1,000 years of ecclesiastical and political power. The castle served as the principal residence of the powerful Prince Bishops of Durham, who held unique secular and religious authority over vast territories in northern England. Following extensive restoration work, the castle showcases its magnificent state rooms in their original Georgian Gothic splendour, designed by renowned architect James Wyatt in the 1790s. The crown jewel of the collection is Francisco de Zurbarán's monumental series "Jacob and His Twelve Sons," thirteen life-sized paintings from the 1640s that have hung in the Long Dining Room since 1756, representing one of the most significant religious art collections in Europe. St Peter's Chapel, converted from a 12th-century great hall, stands as the largest private chapel in Europe, featuring exceptional Gothic architecture and Bishop Cosin's exquisite 17th-century woodwork. The castle's dramatic hilltop setting overlooks the confluence of two rivers, whilst the surrounding deer park and restored walled gardens provide a glimpse into centuries of aristocratic life and the unique position these ecclesiastical princes held in shaping British history.
Raby Castle
Raby Castle (photo by John Clive Nicholson - CC BY 2.0)
outstanding Raby Castle stands as one of England's most impressive intact medieval fortresses, built in the 14th century by the powerful Neville family and serving as home to Cecily Neville, mother of kings Edward IV and Richard III. The castle played a pivotal role in major historical events, including the Rising of the North rebellion in 1569 and serving as a Parliamentary stronghold during the Civil War, before passing to the Vane family in 1626, who maintain ownership today. Visitors can explore the remarkably preserved medieval architecture featuring massive towers and curtain walls, whilst discovering an exceptional collection of Meissen porcelain, fine furniture, and artworks by masters including Reynolds, Van Dyck, and Munnings. The experience extends beyond the castle walls to encompass 200 acres of parkland where red and fallow deer roam freely, recently restored 18th-century walled gardens designed by renowned landscape architect Luciano Giubbilei, and family-friendly attractions including the Plotters' Forest woodland adventure playground, making it a destination that successfully combines significant historical heritage with contemporary visitor appeal.
Bowes Museum
Bowes Museum (photo by ADTeasdale - CC BY 2.0)
outstanding The Bowes Museum offers visitors an exceptional experience through its remarkable collection of European fine and decorative arts spanning four centuries, housed within a magnificent French château-style building that tells the extraordinary love story of John and Joséphine Bowes. This purpose-built 19th-century museum contains approximately 1,500 paintings by masters including El Greco, Goya, Canaletto, and Gainsborough, alongside an extensive ceramics collection that ranks as the second-largest of European decorative arts in Britain after the Victoria & Albert Museum. The museum's crown jewel is the mesmerising Silver Swan automaton from 1773, which performs its graceful 32-second dance daily, whilst visitors can also explore exquisite furniture that once graced royal palaces, the largest collection of Spanish painting in the British Isles, and a world-renowned Fashion & Textiles Gallery featuring advanced conservation techniques. Beyond its artistic treasures, the museum represents a unique chapter in British cultural history, built by the illegitimate son of an earl and his French actress wife who dedicated their lives to creating a public institution that would make fine art accessible to all social classes—a revolutionary concept for Victorian times that continues to inspire visitors today.
The Living Museum of the North
Beamish - The Living Museum of the North (photo by Tim Withnall - CC BY 2.0)
outstanding Beamish offers visitors an immersive journey through North East England's industrial and rural heritage, recreating authentic period environments from the early 1800s through to the 1920s. The museum distinguishes itself through meticulously reconstructed historical buildings, from Victorian terraced houses and Edwardian shops to working farms and coal mines, all populated by costumed interpreters who demonstrate traditional crafts, trades, and daily life practices of bygone eras. Visitors can ride period steam trains and electric trams, explore functioning historical machinery, participate in hands-on activities such as sweet-making in the 1900s confectioner's shop, and witness live demonstrations of blacksmithing, printing, and other heritage skills. This interactive approach transforms historical education into an engaging experience where guests don't merely observe the past but actively participate in it, making complex social and industrial history accessible and memorable for all ages while preserving important regional traditions and craftsmanship that might otherwise be forgotten.

Other attractions

good Barnard Castle
good Darlington
good HMS Trincomalee, Hartlepool
good Stockton-on-Tees

Northumberland

Alnwick Castle
Alnwick Castle (© Klaas Lingbeek- van Kranen | iStockphoto.com)
must-see Alnwick Castle, originally built in the 11th century as a border fortress, has been home to the Percy family for over 700 years and stands as the second largest inhabited castle in England after Windsor. Its impressive medieval architecture houses opulent State Rooms decorated in Italian Renaissance style, featuring silk wall coverings, Old Master paintings, and an extensive library containing over 15,000 books. The castle gained modern fame as a filming location for Harry Potter and Downton Abbey, offering visitors broomstick training sessions in the very courtyard where Harry Potter's flying scenes were shot. Adjacent to the castle, The Alnwick Garden presents one of the world's most extraordinary contemporary gardens, featuring the notorious Poison Garden with deadly plants, a spectacular Grand Cascade, the mysterious Bamboo Labyrinth, and innovative attractions like the Serpent Garden and treetop walkways. Together, the castle and garden provide an engaging blend of authentic medieval heritage, luxurious historic interiors, interactive entertainment including falconry displays and medieval crafts, and cutting-edge horticultural design.
Bamburgh Castle
Bamburgh Castle (© Paul Broadbent | iStockphoto.com)
outstanding Bamburgh Castle stands as one of Britain's most impressive fortresses, built upon a dramatic volcanic outcrop that has housed defensive structures for over 1,500 years. The castle's commanding position and remarkable preservation make it a compelling destination for history enthusiasts and families alike. Visitors can explore the Great Hall with its soaring timber roof, climb the castle's towers for panoramic views across the Northumberland coast, and discover an extensive collection of arms and armour alongside fascinating archaeological finds. The site's significance extends from its Anglo-Saxon origins through its role as a royal stronghold, whilst the castle's association with Arthurian legends adds an element of romance to its already rich heritage. Today's carefully restored interiors house exhibitions that bring medieval life to vivid reality, from the King's Hall to the castle kitchens, offering an immersive experience that connects visitors directly with over a millennium of English history.
Chillingham Castle
Chillingham Castle (photo by TSP - CC BY-SA 4.0)
outstanding Chillingham Castle stands as a remarkable 13th-century fortress that offers visitors a compelling blend of medieval architecture, royal history, and paranormal intrigue. Originally built as a monastery in the 12th century before being fortified in 1344, the castle served as a strategic stronghold during the turbulent Anglo-Scottish border wars and hosted numerous monarchs including Edward I, James I, and Charles I. Today, visitors can explore its well-preserved state rooms, medieval great hall, torture chamber, and dungeons, whilst the surrounding grounds feature formal Italian gardens, woodland walks, and lakes designed by Sir Jeffrey Wyatville. The castle's reputation as one of Britain's most haunted locations adds another dimension to the experience, with ghost tours available for those seeking supernatural encounters. Additionally, the estate is home to the world's last remaining herd of wild white cattle, an ancient breed that has roamed the parkland for centuries, providing a unique wildlife attraction that complements the historical significance of this Grade I listed building.
Northumberland National Park
Northumberland National Park
outstanding Northumberland National Park offers visitors some of England's most unspoilt wilderness, featuring vast expanses of heather moorland, ancient woodland, and the rolling Cheviot Hills that stretch to the Scottish border. The park boasts exceptional dark skies with minimal light pollution, making it one of the finest places in Britain for stargazing and astronomy. Wildlife thrives throughout the landscape, including red squirrels in the coniferous forests, otters along the pristine rivers, and birds of prey soaring above the open moors. The varied terrain encompasses everything from peaceful river valleys and traditional hay meadows to rugged upland areas where visitors can experience true solitude amongst some of the most remote countryside in northern England. Its designation as an International Dark Sky Park, combined with diverse habitats supporting rare flora and fauna, makes Northumberland an outstanding destination for those seeking authentic natural experiences away from urban development..
Hadrian's Wall Path ※
Hadrian's Wall Path (© Kevin Waterhouse - CC BY-SA 2.0)
outstanding Hadrian’s Wall Path offers a unique blend of living history and varied terrain, tracing the line of the most impressive Roman frontier ever built. Walkers encounter remarkably well-preserved forts and milecastles—such as Housesteads, Birdoswald and Chesters—where barracks, temples and even flushable latrines bring the empire’s northern garrison to life. Alongside these archaeological treasures lie cosy village pubs and bustling market towns, while active excavations at Vindolanda reveal new artefacts each season. The trail’s gentle gradients and clear way-marking make the full coast-to-coast journey accessible to those of reasonable fitness, yet the remote high sections around Chollerford reward with sweeping views and a real sense of solitude. All this combines to create a walking experience that is as much about strolling through millennia of history as it is about enjoying England’s varied countryside. The route provides unparalleled access to remarkably well-preserved Roman forts, milecastles, and turrets, allowing visitors to experience the scale and sophistication of Roman military engineering firsthand.
Hadrian's Wall and Housesteads Fort ※
Granary at Housesteads Roman Fort on Hadrian's Wall (photo by Mike Peel - CC BY-SA 4.0)
very good Hadrian's Wall and Housesteads Fort offer visitors an extraordinary opportunity to experience Roman Britain's northern frontier, where Emperor Hadrian built a monumental 73-mile defensive barrier in 122 CE that marked the edge of the Roman Empire. Housesteads Fort, one of the wall's best-preserved Roman installations, provides fascinating insights into frontier military life through its remarkably intact barracks, granaries, and hospital ruins, whilst the surrounding sections of the wall demonstrate the impressive engineering skills of Roman builders who constructed it nearly 2,000 years ago. The site allows visitors to walk along ancient ramparts whilst discovering how Roman soldiers lived and worked on this remote imperial boundary. The fort's museum houses an impressive collection of Roman artefacts that bring the daily lives of the garrison to life, from military equipment to personal belongings, making this one of Britain's most important and accessible Roman sites for understanding the empire's northern limits and the people who defended them.
Belsay Hall, Castle & Gardens
Belsay Hall (© G Laird - CC BY-SA 2.0)
very good Belsay combines an elegant, early-19th-century Greek Doric villa—complete with its dramatic, top-lit Pillar Hall and austere, ashlar façades—with the rugged romance of a 14th-century pele tower still bearing traces of medieval wall paintings. The Hall was built from locally quarried stone that was later transformed into a series of linked gardens, most notably the sun-warmed Quarry Garden with its own microclimate nurturing exotic and rare plants including rhododendrons, ferns, and specimen trees that thrive in the sheltered limestone walls. Meandering ravines, cliff-like rock faces and terraced yew walks lead visitors between formal parterres, a magnolia terrace and the castle ruins, offering a layered journey through seven centuries of architectural and landscape design. The neoclassical hall itself showcases the vision of Sir Charles Monck, who abandoned the medieval castle to create his revolutionary Greek Revival mansion with its sequence of interconnected rooms, each with carefully considered proportions and lighting. The gardens represent a pioneering approach to landscape architecture, where the industrial scars of stone extraction were transformed into romantic outdoor rooms featuring winding paths, hidden corners, and dramatic vistas that frame both the ancient castle and the classical hall.
Cragside House
Cragside House (photo by Matthew Hartley - CC BY-SA 2.0)
very good Cragside House represents a remarkable fusion of Victorian innovation and architectural brilliance, serving as the world's first home to be powered by hydroelectricity when William Armstrong, the pioneering industrialist and inventor, transformed his modest shooting lodge into a technological marvel between 1869 and 1895. The house showcases Armstrong's revolutionary engineering genius through its original hydraulic lift, water-powered gadgets, and the hydroelectric systems that still illuminate the property today, whilst the Arts and Crafts mansion designed by Richard Norman Shaw presents one of Britain's finest examples of Victorian Tudor Revival architecture. Beyond its groundbreaking technology, Cragside offers visitors the chance to explore magnificent interiors filled with period art collections, original furnishings, and scientific curiosities, alongside 1,000 acres of spectacular gardens including Europe's largest rock garden, formal gardens, and woodland walks that Armstrong himself designed. The property provides a unique window into Victorian innovation and lifestyle, where guests can witness how a visionary inventor created what was essentially Britain's original 'smart home', complete with the luxurious amenities that once hosted royalty and foreign dignitaries, all set within dramatic landscapes that demonstrate Armstrong's talents as both an engineer and landscape designer.
Wallington House, Park & Gardens
Wallington House (photo by Samotny Wędrowiec - CC BY-SA 4.0)
very good Wallington House offers visitors a remarkable combination of architectural grandeur, artistic treasures, and natural beauty spanning over 500 years of English heritage. The Grade I listed Palladian mansion houses an extraordinary collection of Pre-Raphaelite murals in its Central Hall, painted by William Bell Scott and John Ruskin in the 1850s, which depict 2000 years of Northumberland's history alongside exquisite Rococo plasterwork and period furnishings. The 13,500-acre estate features pleasure grounds partly designed by Capability Brown, including a hidden walled garden with colourful seasonal displays, woodland walks through ancient trees, and a network of lakes and waterways that create a diverse landscape for exploration. As the first property donated to the National Trust in 1942, Wallington represents a unique piece of conservation history, whilst its role as a gathering place for Victorian literary and scientific figures adds cultural significance to its appeal. The estate caters to all ages with family-friendly trails, adventure playgrounds, and wildlife observation areas, making it an ideal destination for those seeking both historical insight and outdoor recreation in a setting that has been carefully preserved and developed over centuries.
Farne Islands
Puffin on Farne Islands (photo by Tim Morgan - Pexels.com)
very good The Farne Islands offer visitors a unique combination of profound Christian heritage and exceptional wildlife encounters that few destinations can match. These islands served as a sanctuary for early Christian hermits, most notably Saint Cuthbert, who lived here as a hermit until his death in 687 AD and established what are believed to be the world's first bird protection laws in 676 AD. The medieval monastic tradition continued with Benedictine monks who maintained a cell here from around 1255 until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, leaving behind St Cuthbert's Chapel with its remarkable 17th-century wood carvings. From a wildlife perspective, the islands constitute one of Europe's most significant seabird sanctuaries, hosting around 200,000 breeding birds across 23 species, including 43,000 pairs of charismatic puffins, alongside Arctic terns, guillemots, and razorbills that create a spectacular natural theatre during the breeding season. The islands also serve as one of Britain's most important grey seal colonies, with over 2,000 pups born each autumn, whilst the waters surrounding them occasionally reward visitors with dolphin sightings. This National Nature Reserve provides an extraordinary opportunity to witness both the spiritual legacy of early Christianity and one of Britain's most impressive wildlife spectacles, all accessible through boat trips that bring visitors remarkably close to both the historical sites and the thriving seabird colonies.
Warkworth Castle & Hermitage
Warkworth Castle (photo by Draco2008 - CC BY 2.0)
very good Warkworth Castle & Hermitage offers visitors a remarkable combination of architectural brilliance and compelling historical narrative, centred around the powerful Percy family who made it their favoured residence for over 300 years. The castle's cross-shaped great tower, built by the 1st Earl of Northumberland after 1377, stands as a masterpiece of medieval English architecture with its ingenious three-dimensional design and interconnected chambers, whilst the unique hermitage carved directly into the cliff face presents one of Britain's most unusual medieval monuments, accessible only by boat along the River Coquet. The site's historical significance extends beyond its impressive stonework, having served as the backdrop for the Percy family's pivotal role in deposing Richard II and their subsequent rebellion against Henry IV—events that captured Shakespeare's imagination and featured prominently in his Henry IV plays. Visitors can explore the nearly intact circuit of towered walls, discover elaborate heraldic displays throughout the Lion Tower, and experience interactive trails that bring to life the stories of medieval residents, all whilst enjoying panoramic views across the Northumberland countryside from this formidable fortress that played a crucial role in the centuries-long conflict between England and Scotland.
Dunstanburgh Castle (ruins)
Gatehouse, Dunstanburgh Castle (© Darren Turner | Dreamstime.com)
good Dunstanburgh Castle’s vast, crumbling gatehouse and long curtain walls evoke the scale and ambition of its 14th-century founders, while the skeletal remains of its twin towers frame ever-changing sea and sky. Built between 1313 and 1322 by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, as a powerful symbol of baronial defiance against King Edward II, the castle became one of northern England's largest and most formidable fortresses before playing a crucial role in the Wars of the Roses. The approach to the castle involves a scenic 1.3-mile walk along the rugged Northumberland coastline from Craster village, providing breathtaking views of the North Sea and opportunities to spot coastal wildlife including seabirds and marine life in the rock pools. The castle's imposing twin-towered gatehouse and extensive curtain walls, perched on a dramatic rocky outcrop known as the Great Whinn, create an atmospheric setting that has inspired artists from J.M.W. Turner to contemporary photographers. Beyond its historical significance, the site offers excellent walking opportunities along the coastal path, geological interest in the form of ancient volcanic formations, and the unique experience of exploring substantial medieval ruins in one of England's most striking coastal locations.

Other attractions

very good Allen Banks and Staward Gorge
good Berwick-upon-Tweed
good Lindisfarne Priory

North Yorkshire

Saltburn-by-the-Sea
Saltburn Cliff Lift and Pier, Saltburn-by-the-Sea (photo by Richard Cooke - CC BY-SA 2.0)
good Saltburn-by-the-Sea stands out for its remarkably intact Victorian heritage and unique seaside attractions. Laid out in the 1860s by Henry Pease, the town’s elegant grid of “jewel” streets showcases distinctive Pease brick architecture and the grand Zetland Hotel, one of the world’s earliest railway hotels. Visitors can ride Britain’s oldest water-balanced cliff tramway up to dramatic cliff-top vistas, stroll along Yorkshire’s sole surviving pleasure pier, or explore the tranquil Valley Gardens and Italian Gardens via the charming miniature railway. Together, these historic engineering marvels and well-preserved leisure features offer a richly authentic glimpse of seaside life in the Victorian era.

Tyne and Wear

Newcastle upon Tyne
The River Tyne and Quayside, Newcastle Upon-Tyne (© Paul Knowles | iStockphoto.com)
outstanding Newcastle upon Tyne offers visitors a compelling blend of industrial heritage and contemporary culture that showcases the transformation of a former coal and shipbuilding powerhouse into a vibrant modern destination. Visitors can explore the 12th-century stone keep of the city’s namesake castle and follow remnants of Hadrian’s Wall through the urban landscape, while the ornate Georgian terraces of Grainger Town and the celebrated sweep of Grey Street speak to its Victorian prosperity. The city's dramatic riverside setting along the Tyne features the iconic Tyne Bridge and a revitalised Quayside district that houses world-class cultural venues including the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art and the striking Sage Gateshead concert hall. History enthusiasts can explore the medieval Newcastle Castle that gave the city its name, whilst the nearby Angel of the North sculpture has become one of Britain's most recognisable landmarks. The city's renowned nightlife, passionate football culture, and the famously warm Geordie hospitality create an authentic Northern English experience that combines architectural grandeur with grassroots character. Newcastle's compact city centre makes it easy to experience everything from Roman remains to cutting-edge galleries, traditional pubs to innovative restaurants, all within walking distance of each other.

Other attractions

very good Gibside Hall & Gardens
very good Washington Wetland Centre
good Tynemouth Priory & Castle


Eupedia's Rating System

Cities, towns, villages & historic buildings

  • very good : Local interest
  • very good : Moderately interesting
  • outstanding : Outstanding place
  • must-see : Must-see in the country
  • best in Europe : Top cities in Europe

Natural attractions

  • : Local interest
  • : Moderately interesting
  • : Highly recommended
  • : World-class natural attraction
  • ※ : UNESCO World Heritage site