Helsinki Travel Guide

Introduction

Helsinki, Finland's capital and largest city, is situated on the shores of the Gulf of Finland with a population of around 685,000 in the municipality and 1.6 million in the metropolitan area. The city is known for its world-class architecture, blending neoclassical designs around Senate Square with modern structures, and is surrounded by an archipelago of 315 islands. As the northernmost capital in the EU and the world's northernmost metropolitan area with over one million inhabitants, Helsinki offers visitors a blend of cultural experiences, including renowned museums, vibrant food scenes, and unique public saunas. The city is highly sustainable with excellent public transportation, including the world's northernmost metro system, and features abundant parks and green spaces that make it one of the most sustainable cities globally.

From the neoclassical elegance of Senate Square and the iconic Helsinki Cathedral to the cutting-edge design of the Oodi Central Library, the city's landscape is a testament to its rich history and forward-thinking spirit. Helsinki's compact size makes it perfect for exploration, with world-class museums, bustling markets, and serene parks all within easy reach. Whether you're admiring the Art Nouveau facades in the Design District, relaxing in a traditional Finnish sauna, or island-hopping in the picturesque archipelago, Helsinki promises a memorable adventure for every traveler.

Interesting Facts about Helsinki

• Helsinki, founded in 1550 by Swedish King Gustav I Vasa, boasts an archipelago of over 300 islands within its city limits.
• Known as the "White City of the North", Helsinki features numerous buildings constructed from local light-coloured granite.
• Helsinki's tap water, sourced from the Päijänne Water Tunnel (the world's second-longest tunnel of its kind), is of such high quality that it's exported to other countries.
• The city celebrates "Helsinki Day" annually on 12th June with a variety of festivities and events.
• Helsinki was named the World Design Capital in 2012, showcasing its commitment to innovative urban design and architecture.
• The city is home to the northernmost metro system in the world.
• Helsinki's Temppeliaukio Church, also known as the "Rock Church", is carved directly into solid rock and is renowned for its unique architecture and acoustics.
• During World War II, Helsinki used decoy fires on nearby islands to divert Soviet bombs away from the city centre.
• Helsinki University has a tradition of minting sword-wielding scholars.
• The city hosts the Helsinki Biennale, a biannual contemporary art festival held on its surrounding islands.

History

Helsinki was founded in 1550 by Swedish King Gustav I Vasa as a trading town called Helsingfors to compete with Tallinn across the Gulf of Finland. The city's original location proved unsuitable due to a shallow harbour, leading to its relocation to the Vironniemi peninsula in 1640. Early Helsinki suffered numerous setbacks, including fires, plagues, and warfare - notably, the plague of 1710 decimated its population. A significant turning point came in 1748 with the construction of the Suomenlinna sea fortress. After Russia conquered Finland in 1808, Helsinki became the capital of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, replacing Turku. The city underwent a major transformation under German-born architect Carl Ludwig Engel, who designed its neoclassical centre to resemble St Petersburg. The relocation of the Royal Academy from Turku in 1827 (which became the University of Helsinki) further enhanced the city's status. Helsinki's population grew from 4,000 in 1810 to 60,000 by 1890. Finland gained independence in 1917, and Helsinki became the capital of the independent nation. The city hosted the 1952 Olympic Games and was named World Design Capital in 2012.

Main Attractions

Helsinki Cathedral

Helsinki Cathedral, a majestic Lutheran church and the most iconic landmark of Finland's capital, stands proudly atop Senate Square in the heart of Helsinki. This stunning neoclassical masterpiece, completed in 1852, was designed by German architect Carl Ludvig Engel as part of Helsinki's Empire-style centre. The cathedral's distinctive features include its pristine white façade, impressive central dome rising over 80 metres above sea level, and four smaller domes added later by Ernst Lohrmann. The exterior is adorned with Corinthian columns, zinc statues of the twelve Apostles, and a grand staircase leading to the main entrance. Originally named St Nicholas's Church in honour of Tsar Nicholas I, it was later renamed Helsinki Cathedral in 1959. Whilst its exterior is ornate and imposing, the interior remains characteristically modest in keeping with Lutheran traditions, creating a serene atmosphere for visitors. The cathedral welcomes guests daily and offers breathtaking panoramic views of the city from its elevated position.

Esplanadi Park

Esplanadi Park, affectionately known as 'Espa' by locals, is the most famous park and green heart of Helsinki, stretching between Erottaja Square and Market Square. Designed by Carl Ludwig Engel and opened in 1818, this elegant urban oasis features straight tree-lined alleys, beautiful flowerbeds, and historic monuments, including the prominent statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Finland's national poet. The park is flanked by two bustling streets, Pohjoisesplanadi and Eteläesplanadi, which house upscale shops, cafés and restaurants, including the historic Kappeli restaurant dating from 1867. During summer months, the park comes alive with live performances at the Espa Stage, hosting Finland's longest-running music festival from May through August. Whether visitors fancy a leisurely stroll, a picnic on the lawn, or simply watching the world go by from one of its many benches, Esplanadi offers a perfect blend of cultural heritage and modern city life in the Finnish capital.

Market Square (Kauppatori)

Kauppatori, Helsinki's iconic Market Square, is a vibrant open-air marketplace situated along the Baltic Sea in the heart of Finland's capital. Located at the eastern end of Esplanadi Park, this historic trading hub has been a cornerstone of Helsinki's cultural and economic life since the early 1800s. The bustling square offers visitors a delightful array of local delicacies, including fresh fish, traditional Finnish pastries, seasonal berries, and handcrafted souvenirs. Surrounded by notable landmarks such as the Presidential Palace, Helsinki Cathedral, and the Old Market Hall, Kauppatori is particularly lively during the warmer months from May to September. The market operates Monday to Friday from 6:30 to 18:00, Saturdays from 6:30 to 16:00, and Sundays from 10:00 to 17:00 during the summer season. A highlight of the market's calendar is the annual Baltic Herring Market in October, one of Finland's oldest ongoing events dating back to 1743.

Suomenlinna Sea Fortress

Suomenlinna, a sea fortress spread across six fortified islands about 4 kilometres southeast of Helsinki's city centre, stands as one of Finland's most remarkable cultural treasures. Originally named Sveaborg (or Viapori in Finnish), this UNESCO World Heritage site began construction in 1748 under Swedish rule as a defence against Russian expansion. The fortress showcases outstanding European military architecture, featuring an intricate system of bastions, defensive walls stretching 6 kilometres, and approximately 200 buildings spread across 210 hectares. Throughout its rich history, Suomenlinna has served three sovereign states—the Kingdom of Sweden, the Russian Empire, and the Republic of Finland—before being converted for civilian use in 1973. Today, whilst being home to about 850 permanent residents, the fortress has transformed into one of Finland's most popular tourist destinations, where visitors can explore its historic tunnels, ramparts and barracks, making it a perfect day trip destination from Helsinki, easily accessible by ferry.

Uspenski Cathedral

Perched on a hilltop, this Russian-designed Orthodox cathedral showcases ornate exterior details and lavish interior decorations, representing the city's historical ties to Russia.

Sibelius Monument

Located in Sibelius Park, this abstract monument honors Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. It consists of over 600 steel pipes forming a wave-like shape, symbolizing the essence of music.

Helsinki Central Library Oodi

This contemporary public library is more than just a place for books. It offers meeting spaces, work areas, and places for children to play, embodying modern Finnish design and community spirit.

Linnanmäki Amusement Park

For thrill-seekers and families, this popular amusement park offers a variety of rides and attractions, including a beautiful antique wooden roller coaster.

Temppeliaukio Church (Rock Church)

A unique architectural wonder, this church is excavated directly into solid rock. Its copper-lined dome and rubble interior walls create an extraordinary atmosphere, making it a popular venue for concerts due to its excellent acoustics.

Top Museums

Seurasaari Open-Air Museum

Situated on a picturesque island in Helsinki, Seurasaari Open-Air Museum offers visitors a fascinating glimpse into Finland's rural heritage. Founded in 1909, this remarkable museum showcases more than 80 historical buildings that have been carefully relocated from various parts of the country, including traditional farmsteads, cottages, manors and a 17th-century water-powered sawmill. The museum opens annually from 15th May to 15th September, allowing visitors to explore these authentic structures whilst enjoying the island's tranquil natural setting. The island itself, which serves as a public park, is accessible year-round and is home to friendly wildlife including red squirrels, hares and various bird species. A particular highlight occurs during Midsummer when thousands gather to watch a massive bonfire being lit on a nearby islet by a newlywed couple. Beyond the museum's cultural offerings, visitors can enjoy the island's beaches, walking trails and café facilities, making it a perfect escape from Helsinki's urban bustle.

Ateneum Art Museum

The Ateneum Art Museum, situated in the heart of Helsinki near the Central railway station, stands as Finland's most renowned art institution. Housed in a magnificent building designed by Theodor Höijer and completed in 1887, this cultural treasure trove boasts the nation's largest collection of classical art, comprising nearly 30,000 works. The museum's extensive collection spans from 18th-century rococo portraiture to modernist works of the 20th century, featuring both Finnish masters such as Akseli Gallen-Kallela and Helene Schjerfbeck, alongside international luminaries including Vincent van Gogh and Pablo Picasso. The museum's facade is adorned with striking classical statues and reliefs, including representations of the goddess Pallas Athene and various artistic disciplines. Visitors can explore the permanent collection, attend temporary exhibitions, and participate in various cultural programmes, making it an essential destination for art enthusiasts in the Finnish capital.

National Museum of Finland

The National Museum of Finland, a magnificent national-romantic building located in central Helsinki at Mannerheimintie 34, is currently closed for an extensive renovation and expansion project until spring 2027. The museum, which opened to the public in 1916, was designed by Finnish architects Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren and Eliel Saarinen, featuring a striking granite façade and steatite decorations. The building's entrance hall is adorned with remarkable ceiling frescoes by Akseli Gallen-Kallela depicting scenes from the Finnish national epic Kalevala. Before its closure, the museum showcased Finland's rich history from prehistoric times to the present day through its extensive collection of over 10,000 years of cultural artefacts, including coins, medals, silver objects, weapons, and exhibits on Finnish folk culture. The museum's comprehensive permanent exhibitions covered various aspects of Finnish history, from the Stone Age through the Swedish Kingdom Period and the Russian Empire Era, making it a crucial institution for understanding Finland's cultural heritage.

Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art

Kiasma is Helsinki's hub for contemporary art. Housed in a striking modern building designed by Steven Holl, it features a diverse collection of contemporary works by both Finnish and international artists. The museum often hosts thought-provoking temporary exhibitions that engage with current social and cultural issues.

Design Museum

Reflecting Finland's reputation for excellent design, the Design Museum in Helsinki is one of the oldest of its kind in the world. It houses an impressive collection of Finnish and international design, including furniture, fashion, and industrial design.

Amos Rex

One of Helsinki's newest and most innovative museums, Amos Rex, opened in 2018. It features a mix of contemporary art and 20th-century modernism, housed in a unique underground space with distinctive domed skylights visible from street level.

Local Cuisine

Helsinki's culinary scene is a captivating fusion of traditional Finnish fare and modern Nordic gastronomy, where East meets West in a unique blend of flavours. The city's cuisine is deeply rooted in fresh, seasonal ingredients sourced from local waters, forests, and fields, featuring an abundance of wild fish, game, mushrooms, and berries. Traditional dishes include the beloved Karjalanpiirakka (Karelian pies) with egg butter, hearty Lihapullat (Finnish meatballs), and the locally-cherished Paistetut Silakat (fried Baltic herring). The capital's flourishing restaurant scene boasts six Michelin-starred establishments, including one with two stars, alongside historic eateries that have preserved classic Finnish recipes for generations. From cosy market halls offering traditional delicacies to innovative restaurants reimagining Finnish classics, Helsinki's gastronomic landscape perfectly balances time-honoured cooking techniques like open-fire cooking and smoking with contemporary culinary innovation.

Shopping

Helsinki stands as a premier shopping destination, offering a delightful blend of Finnish design, vintage treasures, and modern retail experiences. The city's main shopping district centres around Pohjoisesplanadi and Aleksanterinkatu, where you'll find flagship stores of renowned Finnish brands like Marimekko, Iittala, and Artek. The Design District Helsinki, encompassing 25 streets, showcases timeless Finnish design pieces and contemporary trends through its numerous boutiques and galleries. For those seeking unique finds, the vibrant Kallio district houses excellent flea markets and vintage shops, whilst the historic Market Square by the harbour offers local delicacies, handicrafts, and souvenirs. The city also boasts impressive shopping centres, including Kamppi in the city centre and Mall of Tripla, the largest in the Nordics, providing comprehensive retail experiences alongside dining and entertainment options.

Nature in and around Helsinki

Helsinki stands out as one of the world's most nature-rich capital cities, where urban life seamlessly blends with pristine wilderness. The city boasts an impressive 34% tree coverage and nearly 100 kilometres of coastline, complemented by an archipelago of over 300 islands. Within just 30 minutes from the city centre, visitors can explore the magnificent Nuuksio National Park, a treasure trove of Nordic wilderness featuring pristine lakes, rugged paths, and dense forests where rare species like the Siberian flying squirrel make their home. The city's green spaces include the vast Central Park, stretching 10 kilometres from Töölönlahti Bay to the northern city limits, whilst maritime enthusiasts can explore numerous accessible islands such as Suomenlinna (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), Vallisaari, and Pihlajasaari, each offering unique recreational opportunities from swimming and sunbathing to historical exploration.

Getting Around

Helsinki boasts one of the most efficient and comprehensive public transport systems in Europe, managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority (HSL). The network encompasses buses, trams, metro lines, local railways, and ferry services, all integrated under a single ticketing system that covers Helsinki and its neighbouring cities including Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen. The city's commitment to sustainable transport is evident, with 50% of commuting trips within Helsinki made using public transport, surpassing the ridership of all American cities except New York. The system features modern amenities throughout, including two metro lines connecting the city centre with neighbouring areas, an extensive tram network with more than ten lines covering the downtown area, and regular ferry services to nearby islands such as Suomenlinna. Visitors can easily purchase tickets through the HSL mobile app, ticket machines, or service points, with options for single journeys or multi-day passes.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Helsinki is during the summer months from June to August, when the city comes alive with warm temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C and remarkably long daylight hours stretching up to 19 hours per day. June and July are particularly ideal, offering warm, dry weather and perfect conditions for outdoor activities, whilst August, despite being statistically the wettest month with about 80mm of rainfall, remains a popular time to visit. During these months, visitors can fully enjoy the city's vibrant outdoor life, including beaches, sea excursions, and numerous cultural festivals. However, do note that July and August represent the peak tourist season, resulting in higher accommodation prices and larger crowds. For budget-conscious travellers, the shoulder seasons of May or September offer a pleasant alternative with mild temperatures and fewer tourists.